Fiction · Historical Fiction

The Bruce 40

Book 11 · Only the more significant or interesting references have been

BarbourEnglish

given, or those of single occurrence.

A, one, a single: A gatis, in one way, uniformly, IV. 702

Abaid, s., delay: v., waited = abode

Abais, v., to abash, dismay, discourage; p.p. Abaysit, dismayed

Abasing, Abaysyng, etc., s., dismay, discouragement

Abandoune, Abaundoune, give up; make subject, IV. 655, etc.; behave boldly: at abandoune, recklessly; in abandoune, loosely

Abovin, prep. and adv., above (A.S. ábúfan); also Abuf

Acquyt, v., free

Ado, to do = at do (N.E. infin.), X. 348

Afald, “one fold,” single, XX. 618

Affeir, Affer, s., bearing, pomp

Afferis, belongs to, becomes (Anglo-Fr. afferir, to belong). See Effeir

Affermit, confirmed

Affy, trust

Agane, Aganis, against

Air, Ayr, s., heir

Air, Ayr, adv., ere, formerly (A.S. ǣr). See Eir

Air, v., are, IV. 704

Alabast, alabaster

Alkyn, adj., every kind

Aller, gen. pl. of all: thar aller, of them all, I. 137. See Grammar

All-gat, Allgait, always; every way, XVIII. 451

All-weldand, “all-wielding,” omnipotent

Alsone, Alsoyn(e), as soon, very soon

Als-tit, very soon

Alsua, also

Alswith, very quickly

Ameyssyt, appeased, XVI. 134 (O.F. amesir)

Amonist, v., to admonish, exhort, VIII. 348

Amonestyng, Amonystyng, s., advice, exhortation

Amorus, adj., amorous

Amouris, s., love

Amovis, v., moves; p.p., Amovyt

Anamalyt, p.p., enamelled, XX. 305

Anciente, antiquity, VI. 252 (A.F. ancienté)

Anent, prep., near; towards; opposite to, XIX. 512

Anerly, only, merely, alone

Angyr, anger, affliction, suffering, I. 235, II. 519; also adj., Angry, difficult, unfavourable, V. 70; pained, III. 530; annoying, XVIII. 515

Anis, Anys, once: at anys, at once

A-pane, for all that, nevertheless; really a mere expletive: “at a pinch” (Skeat)

Apert, adj., open: in apert, openly, XIX. 217

Appurvait, provided

Aquynt, acquainted

Ar, Air, Ayr, adv., before, formerly (A.S. ǣr)

Ar, an oar; pl. aris

Arbytre, judgment, decision, I. 75 (O.F. arbitre or arbitrie)

Arest, s. and v., arrest, stop

Arettit, v., p.p., accused, XIX., 20 (O.F. aretter, to accuse)

Arsoune, saddle-bow, XVI. 131

Assay, v., “essay,” try, attempt, attack; also p.t., underwent, I. 448

Assege, s., siege; also v., Assegit, besieged

Assenyhe, war-cry; also, ensenyhe

Assentit, “assented,” agreed

Assignit, p.p., assigned

Assis, assize, court of law, XIX. 55

Assolyheit, v., p.t., absolved, set free

Assonyheit, p.p., excused (O.F. essoigner)

Assouerans, s., assurance

Assouerit, v., “assured,” give confidence to, encourage, VI. 225; also intrans., to have confidence in, rely upon, XI. 309

Ath, Ayth, oath

Atour, prep., over, above

Atour, s., gear, equipment (O.F. atour, ator, furniture, gear)

Aucht, v., ought; p.p., possessed, I. 45

Auchty, eighty

Aulde, old

Availyhe, Availl, to be of use

Avalyhe, in phrase IX. 147, “avail what may avail,” come what will.

Availl, v., lower

Avaward, vanguard

Avenand, handsome, graceful (O.F. avenant, well-proportioned)

Avent, v., to give air to, cool, XII. 145

Aventurous, “adventurous,” dangerous, risky

Averty, shrewd, prudent

Avisè, skilful, II. 271, prudent

Avisment, Avisement, advice, consideration

Avis, advice, opinion; sound judgment, X. 269

Awayward, in their going away, XVI. 584

Awblasteris, arbalisters, crossbow-men, XVII. 236 (E). See Oblesteris

Awmener, a purse (O.F. aumosniere, a bag for alms)

Awter, altar, II. 33, 34

Aynd, s., breath (O.N. andi)

Aynding, s., breathing

Ay-quhar, everywhere

Ayr, oar; pl. Ayris

Ayth, oath

Bacheler, Bachiller, a young knight, not displaying his own banner but following that of another

Baid. See Abaid

Baill, burning mass (A.S. bǣl, great fire)

Bailyheys, bailiffs

Bair, v., p.t., bore

Bait, Bate, a boat (A.S. bāt)

Baitit, v., p.t., baited, fed. See Bayt

Baneour, a banner-bearer

Banys, bones

Banyst, v., p.p., banished

Banrentis, bannerets, XI. 259: knights bringing vassals under their own banner. Cf. Bacheler

Bar, v., p.t., bore: bar on hand, maintained against, hence condemned, excluded, I. 62. See note

Barblyt, barbed

Barell-ferraris, vessels for carrying liquid, XV. 39. See note

Bargane, s. and v., fight, encounter

Barganyng, s., fighting, combat

Barnage, baronage (O.F. barnaige, gathering of barons)

Barnè = barnage (word of two syllables)

Barras, barriers, outwork (O.F. barres; pl. of barre, a stake)

Barrit, p.t., barred

Basnet, a helmet of conical shape (O.F. bacin, a basin, giving dimin. bacinet)

Bat(e), boat. See Bait

Bath, both

Battaillyt, Battalit, furnished with battlements

Battale, battell, a battalion, division of the army

Battel-sted, a battlefield, XV. 74

Bauld, adj., bold; also adv., Bauldly

Bayt, to feed

Bawlmyt, embalmed

Be, prep., by

Bedene, Bedeyn, straightway, quickly; in XV. 108 as an expletive, or with no particular force

Beforn, prep. and adv., before

Begouth, v., p.t. of began. See Grammar.

Begunnyn, Begonnyn, v., p.p., begun

Behaldand, v., pr. p., beholding

Behufis, v. impers., it behoves: behufit away, had to go, VI. 210

Bekand, warming, XIX. 552

Belif(f), speedily, soon

Bemys, beams

Benk, bench

Berdlass, beardless

Berfrois, a tower, modern belfry. See note X. 708

Berne, a barn

Berynes, s., burial, variant of “buriness” (A.S. byrignes, a burial)

Bet, v., beat, XIII. 158

Bet, v., p.t., improved, mended, XIX. 497 (A.S. betan, to better, repair)

Betane, pursued, p.p. (Northern) of betake, III. 159

Betaucht. See Beteche

Betraiss, to betray; p.p. Betrasyt, Betresyt

Beteche, to commit, hand over; part., betaucht

Betyd, v.; pr. sub., happen

Biggit, built and so, inhabited, XIV. 383

Bikkyr, Bykkir, to skirmish; pr. part., Bikkyrring; p.t., Bykkerit

Blenknyt, v.; p.t., blinked, glanced; variant of next form

Blenkyt, looked to the side, glanced, shone (A.S. blīcan, to shine)

Bodword, a message, XV. 423 (N.E. only)

Bodyn, p.p. (obs.), of Bid, bidden, challenged to fight; armed, VII. 103

Bollis, bushels

Boruch, pledge (A.S. borh, a pledge)

Bot, but

Boune, Bown, Bowne, prepared, ready; adj. and p.p.; v., bown, to make ready

Bow-draucht, bow-shot

Bourdand, jesting, humorous, VIII. 383 (O.F. bourder, to jest)

Boyis, fetters, X. 763 (O.F. boie, buie)

Brad, Braid, broad

Bra-syd, brae--i.e., hill-side

Brast, v., to break, “burst,” XV. 479; p.t., Brest, Brist. See Language, “r”

Bredis, v., expand, spread out, XVI. 68 (A.S. brædan, to spread)

Breid, breadth: on breid, in breadth (A.S. brædu, breadth)

Brig, Bryg, s., bridge: as v., Briggit, bridged

Brocht, broucht, brought

Browdyn, p.p., embroidered

Bruk(e), v., enjoy

Brulyheit, broiled, burned

Brym, shore; originally “the line which separates the land from the sea” (Max Müller)

Bryn, to burn. See Language, “r”

Brynstane, brimstone

Bundin, Bundyn, p.p., bound

Burchis, s. pl., burghs, towns

Burd, board: Burdys, Burdis (II. 96, V. 388), the boards of a temporary table

Burgeonys, leaves, fresh shoots, V. 10

Buschement, an ambush

Busk, to prepare oneself, get ready; past, buskit

But, prep., without: but persaving, without being seen, XVII. 92

Bynk. See Benk

Byrd, it behoved; past of reflexive verb: VI. 316

Byrkis, birches

Byrnys, “birnies,” shirts of mail

Cald, Cauld, cold

Call, to drive. See note on X. 227; labour, XIX. 174

Can, did (auxiliary). Cf. Gan

Cant, active, brisk

Car, “care” in sense of grief, regret

Cariage, Caryage, s., baggage

Carle, Carll, churl, peasant

Carpand, v., pr. p., talking

Carpi(y)ng, s., speaking, narrative

Cataill, Catell, property, III. 735, V. 275. See Fe. Chaucer has it in this sense

Cause, Cawse (two syllables), causeway, highroad (O.Nor.F. caucie = chaussée)

Certis, certainly, I. 21, XVII. 812

Chak-wachis, s., “check-watches,” inspectors of the guard

Challans, s., challenge

Challans, v., accuse, XIX. 60 (O.F. chalonger)

Chalmer, Chamur, Chamyr, Chawmer, chamber. See on Language, “m”

Chapyt, p.p., escaped

Charge, business on hand, I. 141

Chargeand, pr. p. of charge, load, XVI. 458; p.p., chargit, IV. 401, etc.

Charre (two syllables), s., a collection of chariots or waggons

Chasty, v., to chasten; check, I. 122; reprove, IX. 742, 743, 751

Cheis, Cheys, choose. See Ches

Chekys, gate-posts, X. 229

Chemyr, “Chimer,” a loose gown, specially that of a bishop, to which the lawn sleeves are attached, XVI. 580

Ches, v., to choose; p.t., Chesi(y)t; p.p., Chosyn

Chevisance, provision, III. 402 (O.F. chevir, to furnish)

Cheyff, in: directly from the Lord Paramount

Childer, s. pl., children. See Grammar

Childyne, s.--i.e., childing, travail with a child

Chos, s., choice, III. 264

Claif, Clafe, Claff, v., p.t., clove, cleft

Clap, knock, noise, X. 401

Cled, v., p.t., clad

Cleket, catch, trigger (F. cliquet, a catch), X. 401; XVII. 674

Clengit, cleared, emptied

Clergy, learning, IV. 689

Clerkis, men of learning, I. 249

Clething, clothing

Cleuch, a gorge, hollow

Clummyn, p.p. of Clym, climb

Cole (two syllables), a buffet. See note on VII. 623

Com, s., coming

Compering, s., comparison, I. 261

Compositur, arbiter, I. 883

Conabill, adj., proper, fitting, III. 290, V. 266 (O.F. covenable, suitable)

Confort, comfort

Conand. See Cunnand

Consaf, v., conceive; p.p., consavit, XX. 186

Conteyning, Contynyng = containing, s., demeanour, behaviour

Conteyn, v., demean or carry oneself; past, Contenyt

Contrar, adj., contrary; also Contrar, s., oppression, I. 461

Contraryit, v., p.t., countered, opposed

Convyn, Convyne. See Covyne

Cosynage, relationship, V. 135

Cosyne, cousin, near relative

Coupillyt, “coupled,” united

Couth, (1) could, (2) did auxiliary, III. 460, XX. 250; past of can. See Grammar (Verb)

Covatis, covetousness

Cover, v., to recover; p.t., Coverit

Coveryng, recovery, IX. 113

Covyne, s., counsel, XIII. 122; agreement, mental power, IX. 77; secret design or contrivance; condition, XIII. 219 (O.F. covine, couvine, convine, manner of being, contrivance)

Crakkis (“cracks”), explosions; gynis for crakkis, engines for explosions, guns, XVII. 250; so also crakkis of wer, XIX. 399

Croice, s., cross, III. 461

Cruk, s., a “crook,” a large hook, X. 363

Crykis, crevices, X. 602, 605 (O.F. crique)

Cuke, a cook

Culter, a coulter, IV. 113

Cummyrsum, “cumbersome,” difficult to cross

Cun, v., to know, XIX. 182 (A.S. cunnan, to know)

Cunnand, s., covenant, agreement

Cunnannes, s., cunning, III. 712

Cuntyrnans = Countynans, Contenance, face, manner, IX. 273

Cunyhe, a coign, corner

Custumabilly, customarily, XV. 236

Dang. See Dyng

Dantè, Daynte, s., pleasure, eagerness, honour, affection

Daw, of, “of day”--i.e., out of life: doyn out of dawis, killed, VI. 650

Dawing, Dawyng, s., dawning

Dawit, p.t., dawned; p.pt., Dawyn

De, v., to die; p.t., Deit

Debowalit, Debowellit, v., p.p., disembowelled. XX. 285, 570

Ded, Deid, s., death; pl., Dedis, XVII. 115: done to ded, slain

Dedeynyheit, him, v., p.t. impers., he deigned

Defawtyt, “defaulted,” put in fault, I. 182

Defoull, defile

Degyse (three syllables), feigned, XIX. 459 (F. déguisé, disguised)

Deill, s., part, bit: nocht a deill, not a bit

Delitabill, pleasant

Deli(y)ver, adj., nimble, quick; also adv., Deliverly, Delyverly

Demanyne, to waste, spoil, ill-treat; to rule, manage; to be behaved, to conduct oneself, V. 229: p.t., Demane(y)t (O.F. demener, to treat, exercise, etc.)

Dempt, doomed

Demyng, judgment, doom

Demys, judges, decides (A.S. dēman, to judge)

Den, v., to dam, XIV. 354

Depart, to part, depart, VI. 552

Der, v., dare, risk. III. 382

Deray, disorder, injury (O.F. desrai, disorder, harm)

Derenyhe, v., prove, vindicate (O.F. desraisnier, to render a reason, defend); s., single combat or duel, XIII. 324, 325

Derff, strong, daring

Deris, v., harms (A.S. derian, to harm)

Det, s., debt

Devis, v., narrate; determine, propose, plan (F. deviser, speak, decide, etc.); also noun, at all devis, in every way, IV. 264, etc.; at thair devis, to their liking, according to their plan, X. 363

Devour, duty (O.F. deveir)

Dey, v., to die; p.t., Deyt. See De

Dicht, v., dress, prepare (A.S. dihtan, to prepare); p.p., Dycht

Digne, worthy

Dik, ditch, entrenchment; as v., Dik thame, entrench themselves, XVII. 271

Disclar, v., declare, I. 75

Discrif, Discryre, v., describe; p.p., Discrivit

Discure, v., discover

Discurrouris, “discoverers,” scouts, spies

Disese, s., discomfort

Disherys, Dysherysys, v., disinherit

Dispari(y)t, v., p.p., in despair

Dispend, v., to spend

Dispending, s., what they might spend--i.e., money--VIII. 509

Dispitous, adj., spiteful, cruel; also adv., spitefully, severely, angrily

Disponis, v., disposes

Dispulyheit, p.p., despoiled

Dissaf, v., deceive

Dissat, s., deceit

Distrenyhit, compelled

Distrowbilling, s., disturbance, annoyance, V. 216

Dittit, closed up (A.S., dyttan, to close up)

Do, thrive, succeed, II. 128

Dochtrys, daughters, I. 200

Dongen, Dungin. See Dyng

Dosnyt, Doysnyt, stunned, dazed

Dour, determined, stubborn, severe

Dowtyne, s., doubting, XIV. 230

Doyne, p.p. of do, done

Dre, Drey, v., endure (A.S. drëogan, to suffer)

Dreid, s., dread, fear: but drede, doubtless, IV. 277; withouten dreid, without doubt, V. 579

Dreuch, Drewch, drew, dragged

Drif, Dryf, Dryve, v., to drive; continue, X. 699; pull, X. 255; Drafe, Drivin

Drouery, Drowry, love. See note on VIII. 492

Dule, sadness, grief (O.F. duel, dueil, sorrow, suffering)

Dulfull, “doleful,” sad

Dusche, a heavy blow

Duschit, fell heavily, XVII. 693

Dyng, v., strike; past, Dang; p.p., Dungin, Doungyn

Dynnyt, made a sound, XVI. 131

Dyspitit, v., p.t., treated spitefully, hated, IV. 596

E, Ey, s., eye. See Eyn

Effer, Effeir(e), Effere (also Affeir), s., bearing, demeanour, I. 361, V. 608, VII. 126, etc.; stature, XX. 515; equipment, belongings, XI. 196; business, X. 305 (O.F. afaire, thing, business, etc.)

Efferis. See Afferis

Effray, fear; also Effraying

Effrait, Effrayit, p.p., terrified; also adv., Effrayitly

Eft, again, VI. 378

Eftir, adv., afterwards; prep., after; also Eftirward, Efterwartis

Eftsonis, soon after

Egging, s., urging, pressing

Eild, Elde, s., age

Eir, Er(e), adv., “ere,” before

Eisfull, easy, V. 70

Ek, v., add to

Ek, adv., also (A.S. ēac)

Eld-fadir, grandfather

Eldris, Eldrys, elders, forefathers

Elys, eels, II. 577

Emang, among

Embandownyt, v., p.p., subjected. See Abandoune

Enchawfyt, v., p.p., heated, incensed

Enchesoun(e), Enchesone, occasion, reason, cause (O.F. enchaison; Lat. occasionem)

Enclynit, v., p.t., inclined

Endentur, s., indenture

Endlang, prep. and adv., along; forward, XIX. 356: endlang furth, right along forward, XVI. 548

Eneuch, enough

Enew, adj. pl., enough

Enfors, s., force, XVII. 448

Enforsaly, Enforcely, forcibly

Enforsit, “enforced,” strengthened

Engreif, Engreiff, grieve, annoy

Engynour, engineer, XVII. 434, 663

Enkrely, Encrely, especially; really, III. 529; earnestly, heartily

Enpres, Enpris, Empris, enterprise; price, value, X. 507

Ensample, Ensampill, etc., s., example

Enselyt, v., p.t., sealed

Ens(s)enyhe, war-cry (O.F. enseigne, banner, war-cry)

Entencioune, intention, X. 527

Ententif, attentive; also adv., Ententily

Entremas, or Entremess, something served between the courses of a banquet (O.F. entremès = entremets)

Enveronyt, environed, surrounded

Erar, adv., sooner, rather

Erd, earth: at erd, on the ground

Erding, Erdyng, s., burial

Erdit, v., p.p., buried

Ernystfully, earnestly, seriously, VIII. 144

Erynes, fear, II. 295

Es, Eys, ease, I. 228: male es, mail eis, disease, XX. 73, 74. See Male-ess

Escheiff, XIX. 778. See Escheve

Eschele, Eschell, a squadron, company (O.F. eschele)

Escheve, v., to achieve; past, Eschevyt; p.p., Eschevit

Eschewe, v., to eschew, avoid

Espyne, a long boat, XVII. 719 (O.N. espingr)

Et(e), v., to eat; Ete, Eyt, Etyn, VII. 169, 170

Etlyng, Etling, aim, endeavour, intention

Everilk, every

Exorcisaciones, exorcisings, IV. 750

Eym(e), uncle (A.S. ēam); Emy’s, uncle’s

Eyn(e), eyes; pl. of E, Ey

Eyth, easy, XVII. 454 (A.S. īethe)

Fa, Fay, a foe (A.S. fāh); pl., Fais, Fayis; also Famen, foemen

Failyhe, v., to fail, give way, faint, lose

Fair, s., manner, XI. 256; condition, success, XVI. 21; journey

Falding, s., falling, change

Faldyn, fallen, XI. 547. See note

Fall-brig, “fall-bridge,” drawbridge, XVII. 419

Fallow, s., fellow, companion

Fallow, v., to follow

Falset, Falsat, Falsade, falsehood

Fand, v., p.t., found

Fanding. See Faynd

Fantiss, Fayntice, faintness of heart; Fantyss, deceit, XVII. 51

Far, v., to fare, go; p.p., Farn, Faryne; s., ‘fare,’ circumstance, pomp; effort, XVII. 400; good cheer, XIX. 730; adv., fairly, becomingly

Farand, Farrand, handsome, fit, II. 514, XI. 95

Fardele, a bundle

Farlyit, v., p.t., wondered. See Ferly

Farsis, v., stuffs (F. farcir, to stuff)

Fassoun, Fassownys (pl.), fashion, way

Fast, adv., earnestly, zealously, I. 42; strongly, vigorously, XIII. 129

Faucht, Fawcht, fought

Fawt, Faute, fault

Fay, faith, fealty: at a fay, “at one faith”--i.e., subject to the same lord

Faynd, v. (Scots form of Fand, obsolete verb), try, tempt; past, Fayndit; p.p., Fayndit (A.S. fandian, to try, prove); also s., Faynding, “tempting of Providence” (Skeat), III. 268. Cf. XII. 364

Fe, Fee, cattle; property, XIII. 725 (A.S. feoh, cattle, goods); Chaucer has “catel” (cattle) in this sense of wealth; of fee, by fief, in feudal ownership, XI. 456; pl., here Feys, I. 58

Feble, v., to become feeble, II. 384

Feblis, v., to enfeeble; p.p., Feblist

Fechand, fetching, III. 428. See Language, etc.

Fecht, to fight

Fechting, Fechtyne, s., fighting

Fechting-sted, s., place of fighting

Feill, Fele, Feyll, adj., many (A.S. fele)

Feir, Fer, adj., unhurt: haill and feir, safe and sound

Feir, Fere, s., companion (A.S. gēfera, a travelling companion)

Fell, v., pertained, XVII. 176; befell, happened

Felloun(e), Feloune, “terrible,” cruel, wicked; also adv., Fellounly, etc.

Felly, adv., cruelly, severely, exceedingly; also Fellely

Felouny, s., cruelly, fierceness, harm

Fendis, fiends, IV. 224

Fens, defence, XX. 384

Fenyhe, v., to feign; also s., Fenyheyng, feigning, I. 74

Fer, adv., far: fer out the mair, very much the more, VI. 666; on fer, afar; Fer-furth, far forward, XIX. 376

Ferd, fourth

Ferd, v., p.t., fared. See Far

Ferlifull, wonderful

Ferly, s., a wonder

Ferly, adj., wonderful (A.S. fǣrlīc, “fear-like,” strange); also adv.

Ferm, adj., firm; adv., Fermly

Ferrer, Ferrest, adj., farther, farthest, XIX. 537, 530

Ferryit, farrowed

Fersly, fiercely

Fesnyng, Festnyng, s., fastening, compact, XX. 57; confinement, XV. 309

Fetrys, fetters

Fewte, fealty, service

Fey, dying, doomed, XV. 45 (Icel. feigr, doomed to die)

Feys, fiefs, I. 58

Ficht. See Fecht. Fichtyne = Fechting

Flaggatis, faggots

Flaikes, hurdles, XIX. 742*. See footnote

Flang, v., p.t., flung

Flatlyngis, flat, XII. 59

Flaw, flew; p.t. of Fle

Flawmand, “flaming,” fluttering brightly, XI. 192

Flechand, cajoling

Fletand, Fleting, floating

Fleying, s., “fleeing,” flight, XIX. 459

Fleyit, p.p., frightened, scared

Flicht, Flycht, flight

Flote, a fleet (cf. A.S. flota, a ship); on flot, afloat, XIV. 359

Flure, floor, V. 400

Fluss, pool, XIII. 20

Flyt, float, III. 420

For, prep., against, XIV. 115

Forbeft, quite beaten, XVII. 793; Beft (N.E.) means “to strike, to beat”; “For” is intensive

Forby, by

Fordid, “did for,” spoiled

Forfalt, forfeited, XIII. 499

Forfayr, go to ruin; past subj., Forfure, go wrong, fail, X. 529 (A.S. forfaran)

Forgane, “fore-gainst,” opposite to, XVI. 555

Forlorn, quite lost, X. 246

Forly, v., violate, I. 199

Formast, adv., foremost

Forouch, For(r)outh, For(r)ow, prep., “for with,” before

Forout, Forowt, without

Forouten, Foroutyn, Forowtyn, prep., without, besides (A.S. forūtan)

Forouth. See Forouch

Forow, Forrow, before

Forsicht, Forsycht, s., foresight

Forsuk, avoided, turned from, XIV. 315

Forspokyn, v., p.p., agreed upon

Forswat, v., p.p., covered with sweat, VII. 2

Forsy(e), strong

Forthi, therefore (A.S. forthī)

Forthirmar, adv., farther

Fortravalit, v., p.p., exhausted by labour

Forwounderit, v., p.p., greatly surprised, VI. 10

Foundyn, v., p.p., found

Foysoun(e), Fusioune, abundance, great number (O.F. foison, plenty)

Fra, from

Frakly, eagerly, VII. 166 (A.S. frac, bold)

Franchis, liberty, XI. 268 (O.F. franchise, freedom)

Fra-thine, from that time forward

Fray, s., fear, XV. 255

Fraying, clanking, clashing, X. 653 (O.F. freiier, to rub)

Frely, noble, III. 578. See note (A.S. frēolic, free-handed, noble)

Frer, a friar, XVIII. 300

Frest, delay (Icel. frest, delay)

Freyast, freest

Freyndsome, friendly

Froggis, frocks, X. 375

Froytis, fruits, X. 191

Frusch(e), s., rush, crash, charge; v., to crush in or break violently (O.F. fruissier, froissier, to break)

Fudyr, “fodder,” a load, specially a waggon-load, as here, X. 198 (A.S. fōther, a load)

Fule-hardyment, s., fool-hardiness, VI. 337, 340

Fundyng, benumbment with cold (O.F. emfondre).

Fundyn, Fundin, v., p.p., found, provided for

Funyheit, “foined,” fenced

Fur(e), p.t. of Fare, fared, went on his way; behaved, II. 503

Furrit, furred

Fusioune. See Foysoun

Fut-breid, s., foot’s-breadth, XI. 365

Fute, person. III. 578. See note

Fut(e)-hate, “foot-hot,” with all speed

Fyschit, v., p.p., fixed, resolved, XX. 178

Ga, go; p.p., Gane, gayn

Gabbing, s., lie, deceit (A.S. gabban, to lie, jest); p.p., Gabbit, IV. 290

Gaddering, Gaderyng, s., gathering; as v., p.t., Gad(d)eret

Gadwand, goad or whip, X. 232. (A.S. gād)

Gaf(f), Gaiff, gave

Galay, v., reel, II. 422

Gam(m)yn, game, play (A.S. gamen, sport)

Gan, v. = p.t. of ginnen, used as an auxiliary, did. Cf. Can

Gang, go; walk, in phrase gang no ryd, IV. 193; pr.p., Gangand

Garris. See Ger

Gast, ghost, XIX. 214

Gat, way: a gatis, in one way, IV. 702

Gayne-cumming, “against-coming,” attack, II. 450

Gayne-geving, “again-giving,” restoration, I. 115

Geddis, pikes (the fish) (O.N. gedda)

Ger, v., to cause; p.t., Gert

Gestis, joists, beams, XVII. 597. See note

Ghyle, guile, I. 172

Gif(f), Gyff, conj., if: bot gif, unless

Gladschip, gladness (A.S. glaedscipe)

Gle, Glew, glee; also game or business, affair in yheid the gle, I. 90, etc

Glemand, gleaming

Gliffnyt, v., p.t., looked quickly up

Glowand, glowing

Gottyn, Gottin, p.p., got

Governale, government, skill in governing

Graith, ready; also adv., Graithly, Grathly, directly, speedily (O.N. greithr, ready)

Granting, confession, XIX. 45

Granys, groans

Grathit, v., p.t. and p.p., made ready

Gravyn, v., p.p., buried, IV. 309

Gret(e), to weep (A.S. grētan); also s., Greting, weeping

Gretumly, greatly, extremely

Grevis, s., groves, V. 13

Grewit thame, v., p.t., impers., it made them shudder. See Grow

Grow, to quake with terror, to shake; p.t., Growit, Grewit

Gruching, grudging, XVI. 19; Gruchys, v., objects, II. 123

Grund, “ground,” land, XX. 325. See note

Grundyn, p.p., ground

Gude, s., property, XVII. 105; pl., Gudis

Gyit, p.p., guided; still Sc. in “guy-rope,” guiding-rope (O.F. guier, to guide)

Gyn, s., device, stratagem; Gyne, engine, XVII. 682, 691; Gynnys, pl., contrivance, some sort of net or trap, II. 576 (O.F. engin, from Lat. ingenium)

Gynour, s., engineer. See above

Gyrd, s., a sharp stroke, blow; also pr. p., Gyrdand, rushing forward, II. 417

Gyrnand, growling, speaking angrily, IV. 322; Skeat says “grinning,” of which it is a variant by metathesis of r, but also with a different shade of meaning; it is an ordinary Scots word in sense given

Gyrs, s., grass (A.S. gers)

Gyrth, sanctuary

Hachit, s., hatchet

Haill, Hale, Halle, adj., whole, sound: all haill, wholly; also = adv., Halely, Halyly, Haly

Hailsyt, Halsit, saluted, II. 153

Haldaris, s., holders

Half-deill, half-part, half, XIV. 188, 497

Hals, neck

Halsing, salutation, VII. 117

Haltand, pr. p., “halting,” lame

Haly, holy (A.S. hālig)

Hamly, adj. and adv., homely, kindly, in a friendly way

Hansell, s., a present at the commencement, V. 120

Hardis, s., “hards,” or bundles of flax-fibres

Hardnyt, v., p.t., emboldened, urged on, XII. 500

Harnas, armour (O.F. harnois, with dialectal form harnas)

Harnys, brains

Hat, v., p.t., was named; p.p., Hattyn (A.S., hātan, to be called); p.p., haten, N.E.

Hat, Hate, Het, adj., hot; also adv., Hat, hotly

Hawbrekis, hauberks

Hawbryschownys, habergeons

Hawch, s., haugh, low-land, XVI. 336

Hawtane, proud, I. 196 (O.F. haltain, high)

Haym(e), home

He, Hee, Hey, adj., high; also adv., loud (A.S. hēh)

Hecht, to promise; to be named (A.S. heht, pret. of hātan; used as present, N.E. See Hat)

Hede-soyme, the rope attaching the yoke to the waggon, X. 180

Heill, v., cover; p.t. and p.p., Helit, Helyt, covered, hid (A.S. helan, to cover)

Heirschip, harrying, wasting (A.S. hergian, to ravage with an army, here)

Helde, v., to incline; pr. p., Heldand, inclining, V. 153

Heling, s., covering

Helmys, helmets

Hely, adv., highly, loudly

Hendir, behind, past. Cf. Hendirmar, Henmast

Her, master (Skeat, reading doubtful), IX. 640

Herbery, Herbry, s., lodging (A.S. herebeorga, shelter for an army)

Herbery v. reflex, to “harbour” themselves, take lodging; p.t. Herberyd, Herbryit

Herbreouris, men sent on to secure lodgings

Herd, adj. and adv., hard

Herrodis, heraulds (O.F. heraut)

Hertit, heartened, encouraged, XVI. 662

Hevede, s., head, V. 11 (A.S. hēafod)

Heych, adj., high; s., Heycht, Hicht, a height: into the hicht, openly, V. 487

Heyt, p.p., raised “high,” exalted

Hicht, s., a promise

Hicht, v. See Hecht or Heych

Hiddillis, Hyddillis, a hiding-place (sing.), VI. 382 (A.S. hydels, a den)

Hidwys, adj., hideous; adv., Hydwisly

Hing, Hyng, to hang

Hint, Hynt, seized, took (A.S. hentan, to seize)

Ho, s., delay, XX. *429. See note

Hobland, tossing about, IV. 447

Hobleris, light horsemen--i.e., riders on unarmoured horses--(Anglo-Fr. hobeleor--our, derivative of hobin. See next)

Hobynis, light horses not strong enough to wear armour (O.F. hobin, hobi, apparently of English origin)

Holl, adj., hollow, deep, VIII. 176

Holl, adj., whole, VI. 78

How-gatis, how. See Gat

Howis, holes, XI. 153

Howis, “hoes,” picks on long poles for warlike purposes, XVII. 344 (F. houe, a hoe)

Hoyn, s., delay

Hude, a hood; pl. Hudis, XIX. 332

Hufe, remain, lie in wait; pr. p., Hufand, Huvande

Humely, Humylly, humbly

Huntand, pr. p., hunting

Husband, a small farmer

Huvande. See Hufe

Hy, s., haste; v. reflex, to hasten (A.S. higian, to hie)

Hyde, skin, III. 584. II. 511

Hye, adj., high; adv., loudly; v., to heighten

Hyne, s., a hind, lad, XII. 460

Hyrcheoune, hedgehog (O.F. heriçon, a hedgehog)

Ic, I

Ik, adv., eke; also III. 326. See Ek

Ilk, Ilka, same, each. See Grammar for distinction

Ilkan(e), Ilkone, everyone, each one

Inew, adj., enough. See Enew

Inewch, enough

Infair, a house-warming, XVI. 340

Inforcely, adv., with great force

Inforsit, v., p.t., “enforced,” strengthened, IV. 65

Ingrevand, pr. p., “engrieving,” annoying

In-myd, prep., amid

Innouth, prep., within

In-sundir, adv., asunder

Intermelle, mixed up, confusedly, XIV. 215

In-till, prep., in, into

Intwyn, asunder, VIII. 175

Isch, v., to issue; p.t., Ischyt

Iwiss, adv., certainly, truly, XVI. 154 (A.S. gewis, certain)

Jolely, handsomely, well

Joly, handsome, good; gay, high-spirited, VIII. 446 (F. joli)

Journee, a day’s work, a battle or feat of arms (Fr.)

Jowele, jewel, XVIII. 360

Juntly, close up, XVII. 689

Justing, s., jousting, XIX. 520

Karlis, “churls,” fellows (O.N. karl, a man)

Ken, v., to know, recognize, perceive; instruct, direct, show; pres., Kennys, IV. 748; p.t., Kend; p.p., Kend

Kendlyt, v., p.p., kindled

Kep, Keip, s., heed: takand na kep, taking no heed, I. 212

Kers, Carse, low land bordering a river

Kest, v., p.t., cast

Kinrik, Kynrik, kingdom

Knaf, Knave, a boy: knaiff child, a male child

Knawyng, s., knowledge

Ky, pl. of cow (A.S. cū, cȳ)

Kyndly, adj., of nature, IV. 721, etc.

Kyne, s., kind: na kyn(e), of no kind

Kynrik, kingdom, royal power

Kyrnaill, s., a battlement (O.F. crenelle)

Kyt, a wooden vessel or pail

Ladis, s., loads

Lafe, Laif(f), Layff, Lave, the rest, the remainder (A.S. lāf)

Landar (E., Lavender), Layndar, a laundress

Land-brist, surf

Lang, long. Cf. Langar

Lansit, Lansyt, bounded, dashed forward (O.F. lancier, throw forward; the O.Nor.F. form lancher has been adopted as “Launch”)

Lans, s., rush, leap, X. 414

Lap, v., p.t., leapt

Lardener, a larder. V. 410

Larg(e), liberal (O.F. large)

Larges, bounty, liberty: at his larges, to the full, VII. 378

Lasair, Lasare, Laser, Laseir, leisure

Lat, s., let, hindrance, XII. 516

Lat, v., let

Lat, Layt, adj., late

Late, s., manner, behaviour, VII. 127 (O.N. læte, manners)

Lauchand, laughing

Laute, Lawte, Leawte, loyalty, truth (O.F. leaute)

Law, Lawch, low: compar., Lawer

Lawchtane, dull coloured, dark (Gaelic lachdunn = Irish lachtna, N.E.D.), XIX. 672

Lawit, v., lowered

Layd-men, s., “load-men,” the men in charge of the pack-horses, VIII. 466

Lechis, doctors

Lechyng, s., healing

Leddir, a ladder

Lege, full, free: in lege poustè, “in health and full possession of one’s faculties” (N.E.D.), V. 165

Leif, v. and s., leave: but leif, without leave, XVII. 863

Leis, v., lose; p.t. and p.p., Lesit (A.S. lēosan, to lose)

Leit, think, consider (A.S. lǣtan)

Leit, v., let, XVII. 850. See Lat

Lele, Leile, Leyle, adj., leal, faithful; also adv., Lely, Lelely, Lelyly

Lendit. See Leynd

Lenteryne, Lent, the spring

Lenye, “lean”

Lesing. s., lying (A.S. lēasung, falsehood)

Lesit, Lessit, Lesyt, v., lost

Lest, List, imper. v., it pleases, VII. 314 (A.S. lystan, to please)

Let, Letting, s., hindrance; adv. Letless, without hindrance XVI. 568

Let, v., to hinder, allay, prevent; p.t., Letit, Lettyt

Leve, to leave, to remain

Levir, rather

Levit, Levit: war levit of, had taken their leave of, XX. 577

Leyme, flame, XI. 191 (A.S. lēoma, a ray of light)

Leynd, to remain, wait

Leysch, leash

Libbard, leopard

Licht, Lycht, light

Lichtit, v., p.t., alighted

Lift, s., sky, XVI. 692 (A.S. lyft, air)

Lik, v., to please

Lisnyt, v., p.t., listened

Losengeour, a traitor, IV. 108 (O.F., losengier, a flatterer, a traitor)

Lovit, v., p.t. and p.p., praised; and s., Loving, praise

Low, flame

Lownyt, sheltered, XV. 276; v., Lown, to become calm, to shelter (N.E. and Scots)

Lowp, v., to leap

Lows, v., to loose; p.p., Lowsyt

Lowtit, Lowtyt, bowed before or to

Luff, s. and v., love

Lufre, “livery,” gift (O.F. livrée; Anglo-Fr. liveré)

Lurdane, s., rascal (O.F. lourdin, a heavy [lourd], i.e., stupid fellow)

Lusumly, “lovesomely,” pleasantly

Lychtyt, v., p.t. and p.p., lightened

Lyknyt, v., p.p., likened, compared

Lyng, a line

Lynyng, linen, XIII. 422

Lypnyng, s., trust

Ma, v., to make; pres., Mais, Mays

Ma, May, adj., more. Comp. Ma(i)r, Ma([i.])st

Magre, s., ill-will, XVII. 60 (O.F. mal grè, ill-will); also as prep., in spite of: magre his, in spite of him; magre thairis, in spite of them

Maill-eiss, Male-ess, disease (F. mal aise)

Maistri, s., “mastery,” strength

Maistris, arts, XIX. 182

Man, v., must, VII. 137; also Mon

Manauce, Mannasyng, s., “menace,” threatening

Manausyt, Mannausit, v., p.t., menaced

Mandment, commandment

Manhede, Manheid, “manhood,” valour

Mankynd, s., manliness, IV. 530

Manrent, homage

Manteme, Ma(y)nteym, maintain

Marcheand, pr. p., “marching with,” bordering. See next

Marchis, marches, borders (A.S. mearc, a boundary)

Marras, morass

Martirdome, slaughter

Martymes, Martinmas (Nov. 11)

Mas, s., plur. maces

Mastrice, mastery, superiority; “masterly” skill, VI. 566 (O.F. maistrise)

Mastry, “mastery,” skill; force, VII. 354 (O.F. maistrie, skill)

Mate, dull, dispirited (O.F. mat, dull)

Maturite, s., deliberation XI, 583

Maucht, might

Mavite, wickedness, guile (O.F. mauvitie for malvaistié)

Mawch, kinsman, especially, as here, by marriage, XV. 274 (A.S. maeg)

Mayn(e), s., “moan,” lamentation

Mekill, much, large (A.S. micel)

Melland, v., pr. p., mixing (O.F. meller, to mix); p.p., Mellit

Melle (two syllables), a mixture, whence, a battle, etc.

Mellyng, Mellyne, s., encounter; mixture, V. 406

Menand, v., moaning (A.S. mǣnan); p.t. Menit, Menyt

Mengit, v., p.t., mixed (A.S. mengian)

Menyhe, Mengne, host, company

Menounys, “minnows,” small fish

Mensk, honour, dignity (O.N. mennska, humanity)

Menskfully, honourably

Menyng, s., lamentation

Menyng, s., remembrance, IV. 326. See Meyn

Menys, think, XII. 269 (A.S. mǣnan, to think on). See Meyn

Merdale, camp-followers, IX. 249

Merk-schot, XII. 33. See note

Mesour, Mesur, s., “measure,” moderation: our mesur, beyond measure; at all mesure, in every proportion, X. 281

Mesurabill, adj., moderate

Meyn, v., to think of, be mindful of; mention, X. 736

Meyne, v., to moan, lament, XV. 237

Misteir, Mister, trade, craft (O.F. mestier; F. métier)

Mister, Myster, need (as above); also v., Mysteir, be necessary, XVII. 215; adj., needful

Mocht, Moucht, v., might

Mody, adj. See Mude, Mudy

Mon, v., must

Mone, to remember, bear in mind (O.N. muna, to remember)

Mony, many

Monyst, admonished, XII. 379

Mot, v., may be, IV. 26

Mow, a heap of corn, IV. 117

Mowence, mutation, change, I. 134 (O.F. muance)

Mubill, “movable” property, V. 275 (F. meuble, furniture)

Mude, mood, XX. 203; courage, XIX. 622 (A.S. mōd); adj., Mudy

Murnyn(g), s., mourning

Muryt, blocked up, IV. 164 (F. mur, a wall)

Mut, make mention, XIII. 60

Mycht, s., might: at thar mychtis, as much as they could, III. 190; that all mychtis may, that is able to do all things, III. 366

Mydlike, adv., moderately, III. 71

Mydwart, s., midway, III. 682

Myrk, Merk, dark; s., Myrknes, darkness

Myschieff, misfortune, danger, loss; evil fate, XIX. 71 (O.F. meschief)

Mystrowing, suspicion; v., Mystrowit, suspected, X. 327

Myt, s., “mite,” a bit

Na, adj., no; conj., nor: na thay war, but they were, V. 372; na (ne) war, were it not

Nakit, adj., naked, bare, XIII. 459; generally, however = without armour on

Nakyn, of no kind: nakyn wis, in no wise

Namly, especially

Nanys, For the, for the nonce, X. 58

Nave, fist; pl., Nevis, Nevys

Navyn, s., shipping, III. 393

Nedlyngis, adj., necessarily

Neid-way, adv., of necessity

Neist, Neyst, nearest, next

Neuth, prep., beneath

Nevo, nephew

Newlyngis, adv., newly

Nigramansy, s., necromancy, IV. 747

Noblay, nobility

Nocht, not

Nocht-for-the, adv., nevertheless

Nouthir, conj., neither; adv., not, VI. 522

Novelreis, novelties, XIX. 394

Noy, annoy, hurt (O.F. nuire, to injure)

Noyn(e), noon

Noyus, disagreeable, XIX. 742

Nynt, ninth

Nysste, “nicety,” folly

Nychtbur, Nychtbour, s., neighbour

Nygramansour, necromancer, IV. 242

Nyt, v., p.t., denied, I. 52 (O.F. noier, neier, to deny)

Obeiss, to obey; pr. p. as adj., Obeysand

Oblesteris, “arblasteris,” crossbow-men, XVII. 236

Occisioune, slaughter, XIV. 220

Ocht, aught, III. 282

Off lyve, alive, I. 293

Of-new, anew

Oftsis, often (“oftsithes,” oft-times, A.S. sīth, a time)

Oftymis, adv., oft-times

On-ane, anon, immediately

Ony, adj., any

Oost, Ost, host, army

Otow, prep., beyond

Oucht, Owcht, adv., at all; very, XV. 428

Ouirmair, Owyr-mar, farther away

Our, prep., over

Our, Owyr, adv., too, very; over, across; also in compounds: e.g., Our-drawyn, etc.

Ourdriff, “drive over,” survive

Our-ga, “go over,” overcome

Our-hy, v., “hie or hasten over,” overtake

Ourta(k), overtake; manage, VIII. 190; cover, XI. 125; p.p. Ourtane, “done for,” condemned, XIX. 55

Ourthwort, adv., “overthwart,” beyond on each side

Ourtummyllit, “over-tumbled,” upset

Outane, Outtak, Outaken, Outakin, besides, except

Out-our, prep., across, beyond, over

Outraying, s., harm, injury, XVIII. 182

Owk, week (still an Aberdeenshire word)

Owth, prep. and adv., above, outside; beyond, XIV. 352.

Oysis, v., uses, are used; p.t. and p.p., Oysit (O.F. user, to be in the habit); Oys, s., use

Pailyhownys, Palyheonis, etc., pavilions, tents

Panch, s., paunch

Par, for (O.F. par): e.g., par cheryte, for charity

Parage, rank, lineage, I. 102, 276

Paramouris, adv., as a mistress

Paske (in comps), Pasche, Easter

Pautener, adj., low, rascally (O.F. pautonier, vagabond)

Peill, a fort with stockade and ditch. O.F. pel; Late Lat. pelum (acc.), a stake, X. 137

Peir, v., to equal, match

Pennystane, a flat stone used as a quoit, XIII. 581 (E and H, see note)

Percas, adv., by chance (O.F. per cas)

Perde = par dieu (F.), an expletive, truly, etc. See next

Perfay, “by my faith,” truly (O.F. per fei, by my faith)

Perfornyst, performed, XII. 61 (O.F. parformir)

Perquer, by heart, thoroughly (O.F. per quer (cuer), by heart)

Peth, path, pass

Petwisly, Pitwysly, piteously

Pik, s., pitch, XVII. 611

Planer, full, I. 624

Play, s., pleasure, V. 73; tricks, XIX. 364

Plenyhe, v., to complain

Plewch, plough

Pollis, pools, XII. 395, 404

Portrait, v., p.p., painted, X. 743; formed, shaped, X. 281

Pouerale, “poor-folk,” camp-followers (O.F. pouraille, poor folk)

Poustè, Powstè, power; for lege poustè, see Lege

Poynt, s., moment, opportunity; feat of arms, in poynt of weir, XVI. 492, and alone, XVI. 499; at poynt, in good condition, favourable, III. 702; in sic poynt, in such array, XII. 93; into sic point, at such a “point” or crisis, IV. 331

Pray, v., to prey; also s., with plur. Prayis

Preif, v., to prove; p.t., Previt

Presand, s., present: in or intill presand, as a present

Prek, Prik, v., prick, wound, spur; Prikand, riding

Prevate, s., “privity,” privacy, secrecy; secret design, X. 161

Pris, Prys, v., to prize, esteem, praise

Proplexite, s., perplexity

Pryme, prime (six o’clock), the first of the “canonical hours”

Pundelan, hero, warrior

Punsoune, a dagger

Punyhe, a skirmish

Pupill, people

Purchas, v., to get, procure (O.F. porchacier, pourchacier, to follow, to procure)

Purchas, s., effort; contrivance, plot, XIX. 12

Purvians, “purveyance,” provisions, IV. 397

Pusoune, s., poison

Put againe, push back, repulse

Pyne, pain, suffering, distress (A.S. pin, pining, suffering)

Queyr, choir, XX. 293

Quhar, where; also in compounds, Quharfor, Quhar-throuch, etc.

Quhedirand, whizzing or roaring. XVII. 684

Quheill, s., wheel

Quhestling, Quhistlyng, s., “whistling,” baying (of a dog), VI. 94, 87

Quhet, s., wheat, V. 398

Quheyn(e), adj., “wheen,” few; also Quhoyn; comp. Quhenar

Quhilum, “whilom,” once

Quhyne, whence, VII. 240

Quod, v., “quoth,” said, XVIII. 57

Quyntis, s., “quaint” devices or decorations on the armour or on flags, XI. 194; XIII. 183

Quytly, securely, X. 548; freely, completely

Quyrbolle, leather hardened by heating, etc., XII. 22. See note

Rad, adj., frightened, afraid

Radness, fear

Raid, v., p.t., rode

Rair, Rar, v., to roar

Rais, Rase, s., “race,” strong current

Rais, v., p.t., rose

Raith, Rath, soon

Rakit, v., p.t., moved with speed (A.S. racian)

Randoun, s., onrush, force (O.F. randon, force)

Rangale, Rangald, Rangall, rabble

Range: on range “in rank,” in “Indian file,” X. 379

Rangit, v., p.p., ranged, ranked, XI. 431

Ranyt, v., p.t., rained

Rath, adv., soon

Ratret, Retret, retreat

Raucht, v., p.t., reached, dealt. See Reik

Raw, s., row

Realtè, Reawtè, royalty, kingdom

Rebaldaill, Rybbaldaill, rabble; also Rebaldis, rogues

Rebelland, pr. p., as adj., “rebelling,” rebellious

Rebours, at, in great dislike

Reboytit, Rebutyt, repulsed; also Reboyting, s., repulse (A.F. reboter: O.F. rebouter)

Reconsalit, v., pp., reconciled

Recour, recovery, II. 543

Recryand, recreant, cowardly

Red(e), Reid, s., counsel; tane to red, come to the conclusion, taken the advice, XII. 389, XVII. 267 (A.S. rǣd, counsel)

Red(e), v., to advise

Red, v., save, IV. 132, XIX. 677

Redyit, v., p.t., got ready, IX. 171

Refe, Reve, v., to take away; p.t., Reft; p.p., Revede, reft, V. 12

Refrenyhe, v., to refrain

Regnyt, reigned, XIII. 698

Reif, s., plunder (A.S. rēaf)

Reik, v., reach, XVII. 419; p.t., Raucht

Reik, Reyk, s., smoke

Releif, s., payment on taking possession of a property, XII. 320

Releyit, p.p., provided with a fresh supply, IV. 456

Relit, Relyt, v., p.t. reeled

Rely, v., to rally; p.t., Releyt; p.p., Releit

Renconfort, v., to encourage

Rengye, Renyhe, Reynye, rein

Renk, “rink,” space, II. 365. See note

Renyit, v., p.p., denied (O.F. renier, to deny)

Renyhe, Reynye, s., rein

Repair, s., dwelling, haunt, place of meeting or retreat

Repreif, s., reproof

Reprief, v., to reprove

Rerit, v., p.t., reared

Rescours, rescue (O.F. rescos, rescousse, succour)

Reset, refuge (O.F. recet, place of refuge); also v., p.p., Resettit, received

Revede. See Reve

Rewis, streets (F. rue)

Riall, Ryoll, adj., royal; s., Rialtè, royalty, royal power

Richtwisness, righteousness, adj., Rychtwis; adv., Rychtiously

Rif, v., rive

Rik, kingdom (A.S. rīce, a kingdom, sovereignty)

Rocht, Roucht, v., p.t. See Raucht

Rod, s., road, path

Roucht, v., p.t., I should not reck or care, VII. 24 (A.S. rēcan, rōhte)

Routit, snored, V. 632

Rownand, Rowning, pr. p., whispering, XII. 360; as s., Rownyng, XII. 368

Rowt, Rout, s., a blow; also Rowt, s., a company, troop

Roydly, Ruydly, rudely, fiercely

Rude-evyn, s., Eve of the Exaltation of the Rood or Cross, XVII. 634

Rusche, to rush, drive back, overthrow, repulse; also Rus, XII. 527; p.t., Ruschit, Rouschit

Rybbaldy, s., dissipation, I. 341

Ryde, adj., severe, XII. 557

Ryg, ridge

Rymmyll, s., blow

Ryng, v., to reign. See on Language

Ryoll, adj., royal, XIII. 30

Ryot, v., in ryot to, made “riot” in, ravaged

Ryth, adv., “right,” utterly, I. 194

Sa, so

Sa yhe, say ye, VII. 258

Sad, steadfast, XII. 134. See next

Sadly, firmly, compactly, steadfastly, XIII. 374, 494, XVII. 576 (Mid. E. sad = firm, etc., as in Chaucer)

Sair, Sayr, sorely: by sair, pay for dearly, XVIII. 514

Sakless, innocent

Salit, v., p.t., sailed; pr. p., Saland

Sall, shall

Sals, sauce, III. 540

Salt, s., assault; also Sawt

Salusit, saluted, IV. 509

Sam(m)yn, adv., together

Sam(m)yn, adj., same

Sanct, s., saint; v., p.p., sainted

Sanyt. See Sayn

Sar, Sayr, sorely

Sarraly, close together; also adj. and adv., Sarray, close, closely

Sary, sorry

Saucht, v., p.p., reconciled, X. 300 (cf. A.S. saht, peace)

Sauf, Sawff, v., to save

Saufly, safely

Sauftè, Savitè, safety

Savourit, scented, XVI. 70

Sawin, v., p.p., sown, IV. 685

Sawt, s., assault: also Salt

Sayn, v., s., bless; p.t., Sanyt (O.F. seignier, to bless with the sign of the cross; Lat. signare)

Saynd, a message, V. 196 (A.S. sand, a sending)

Scaffatis, scaffolds

Scaill, s., a scattered company, men in loose order

Scale, Scaill, v., to scatter, separate; p.t. Scalit; p.p. Scalit; also Skalyt

Scarsly, scarcely

Scath, s., harm: also v., to harm

Scathfull, Scathless, harmfull, unharmed

Schar, Schair, Schare, cut, carved; p.t. of Scher

Schavalduris, vagrants, V. 205. See note

Schaw, v., show; p.t. Schew, X. 161, or Schawit

Schaw, s., thicket, grove

Schawdest, adj., super., shallowest, IX. 354

Sched, clove, divided

Schent, v., p.p., shamed

Scher, v., to shear, cut up

Schiltrum, a close-packed body of men: so in E; C has childrome (A.S. scild, a shield, truma, a troop)

Schipfar, s., a journey in a ship

Schir, s., sir

Schire, adj., bright; also adv., Schyre (A.S. scīr, bright)

Scho, pron., she

Schoir, Schore, adj., sheer, steep

Schonand, shunning, V. 201

Schop, v., prepare; more usual Schap, XVI. 573

Schore, adj., “sheer,” steep

Schoyne, “shoon,” shoes, II. 510

Schoyr, loud threats (cf. Withoutin outher bray, or bost, or schore.--King Hart)

Schup(e), “shaped,” purposed, attempted; p.t. of Schap

Schynand, v., pr. p., shining

Scowking, s., “skulking,” cowardice

Scowryt, v., p.p., scoured

Scrymmyng, s., skirmishing, XIX. 521 (O.F. escrimer, to fence)

Se, v., to see, watch over

Segis, seats (F. siege, a seat): astrological term as “mansions”

Seik, adj., sick

Seir, Ser, various, separate

Sekir, safe, sure, firm, steadfast

Sekirly, Sekyrly, certainly

Sekirnis, security, certainty

Sekkis, s., sacks

Sembland, “semblance,” show

Semble, s., assembly, body of men, II. 380

Sen, since

Send, v., p.t. of Send; p.p., Send, Sent

Sent, s., scent

Sentens, meaning, IV. 260

Senyhory, Senyhoury, sovereignty, lordship, rule

Sermonyng, s., speech, explanation, IV. 278

Sesand, v., pr. p., seizing

Sesing, s., possession, VI. 496

Setis, snares, III. 479

Seyle, s., good, I. 303 (A.S. sǣl). Cf. adj. Sely (silly) (A.S. sǣlig)

Schawis, v., shows

Shraf, v., p.t., shrived, XI. 377

Sib, related, kin

Sib-man, relative

Sic, Sik, such

Sich, v., to sigh

Sith, Syth, times, unaltered plur; also Sis, Sythis (A.S. sīth, a time). See Grammar

Skaith, scath, hurt, injury. See Scath

Skalyt. See Scalit

Skill, reason

Skunnyrrit, v., p.t., avoided in dislike

Sla, v., slay; pr. p., Slayand

Slaid, v., slid

Slak, s., a hollow

Sle, sly, crafty, skilled. Cf. Slear, Sleast; adv., Slely

Sleuch, v., p.t., slew

Sleuth, slot, track (O.N. sloth, a track)

Slew, v., p.t., struck in slew fyre (A.S. slean, to strike)

Slike, Slyk, mud, slime. For first Skeat gives “slick,” rapidly (?), VI. 78

Slop, a gap, opening; pl., Sloppis. Cf. slaps and stiles in “Tam o’ Shanter”

Smat, v., p.t., smote

Snell, biting, sharp, severe (A.S. snell, quick, sharp)

Snuk(e), a promontory, I. 188 IV 556

Socht, Soucht, v., p.t., sought

Solacious, adj., pleasant, X. 290

Somdeill, adv., somewhat, to some extent

Sop, s., a sup, a hasty meal

Sop, s., a close body of men; pl. Soppis, heaps

Southren, southern

Sowing, s., pricking, piercing, XVI. 628

Soym, trace of a cart. See Hede-soyme

Soyn(e), Sone, Soune, adv., soon

Spar, v., faster, bar; p.t., Sparit, Sperit, Spyryt, etc.

Spayn, span, grasp

Spering, Speryng, s., asking, information; also v., Sperit, inquired (A.S. spirian)

Spoulyheing, s., spoiling

Sprent, v., p.t., sprang, XII. 49

Spryngaldis, shooting-machines, XVII. 247. See note

Spulyheit, v., p.p., spoiled

Squyary, a body of “squyares” or esquires

Stablist, v., p.t., “established,” settled

Stad, “bested,” hard pressed

Staffing, s., thrusting, pushing, XVII. 785

Staff-slyngis, slings on sticks, XVII. 344. See note

Staill, a fixed position, XVII. 97

Standand, v., pr. p., standing

Stane, s., stone; pl., Stanis

Stay, adj., steep

Sted(e), Steid, “stead,” place (A.S. stede)

Steir, v., stir, IX. 382 (A.S. styrian): on steir, a-stir

Steir, Ster(e), s., a rudder (A.S. steōr, steering, rudder)

Steir, Steyr, v., to “steer,” direct, govern

Stekis, v., closes

Stekit, v., p.t., stuck, stabbed

Stemmand, steering, straight, V. 25

Stent, v., to pitch, set up; p.t., Stentit

Sterand, “stirring,” prancing, XI. 129

Stern, a star; pl., Sternis, Steris

Stert, v., to start; p.t., stert

Stertling, s., restless motion. (Cf. fische wantounly stertland.--Complaynt of Scotlande)

Stew, mist, vapour, XI. 614

Stint, v., stop, X. 716; s., Stinting, stopping

Stith, Styth, “stiff,” strong, hardy (A.S. stīth, strong); also adv., Stithly

Stoking, thrusting, XVII. 785 (F. estoquer, to thrust)

Stole, “stool,” seat

Stonay, v., to astonish, terrify, defeat; p.t. and p.p., Stonayit

Stot, drive back

Stound, s., time, while

Stour, s., conflict, battle (A.F. estur)

Stowpand, v., pr. p., stooping, VIII. 297

Straif, v., p.t., strove

Straucht, Strawcht, adj., straight; also adv.

Straucht, v., p.t., stretched out; also p.p.

Strecour, s., a young hound, VI. 487

Strekit, v., p.t., and p.p., stretched, extended: strekit weill, clearly defined, XX. 317

Strenyheit, p.p., constrained

Strikand, pr. p., “striking” leading, VI. 238; p.p. Strikin, fought

Strowit, p.p., strewn

Stroy, v., destroy

Sture, sturdy, strong (A.S. stōr, great)

Sua, Swa(y), so

Suagat, Swagat, so, in such a manner

Succudry, pride, presumption (O.F. sorcuiderie)

Sudjorne, s. and v., sojourn

Suelt, died, IV. 311 (A.S. sweltan, to die)

Suet, life-blood, life, XIII. 32

Suld, should

Sum, as suffix, altogether, in all: e.g., fiff-sum, five in all; six-sum, etc.

Sumdeill, Sumdele, adv., somewhat, to some extent

Sumkyn, adv., of some kind. Cf. Nakyn

Summer, the bearing or principal beam; same word as next, XVII. 696

Summer, a sumpter-horse, XIX. 746 (O.F. sommier)

Suppowale, support, reinforcement, XVI. iii, 139

Sur-noune, surname, XVII. 152

Suth, adj., true; s., truth

Suthfast, adj., true; s., Suthfastnes; adv., Suthley

Swa. See Sua.

Swak, a blow, V. 643

Swappit, drew quickly, threw, cast

Swar, v., p.t., swore; also Swoir

Swat, s., sweat

Swonand, swooning, XVII. 648

Swilk, Swylk, such

Swith, Swyth, quickly, soon: als swith, as quickly as possible

Swoir, v., p.t., swore; also Swar

Swome, v., to swim, III. 431

Sychand, pr. p., sighing

Sykis, streams in a muddy bottom, XI. 300. See note

Syn(e), adv., afterwards, then, next, at last

Syndir, Syndri, adj., sundry, various, separate; adv., Syndrely

Sythyn, adv., afterwards

Syttyn, v., p.p., sat

Ta, v., take; p.t., Tuk; p.p., Tan(e), Tayne; pr. p., Takand

Ta; the ta = thet a, the one (see Grammar); also the tane = thet-ane

Taill, payment by an heir on succeeding to an estate, XII. 320

Tais, v., takes

Tailyhe, agreement, XX. 134; v., Talit (E. Tailyheit), agreed upon, XIX. 188

Taknyng, Takynnyng, sign, token, evidence (A.S. tācnung, a sign)

Takyn, a token, sign, signal (A.S. tācn, a token)

Tald, v., p.t., Told

Tale, number, XI. 5 (A.S. tal, number)

Talent, s., desire: so also in Chaucer, B. 1137

Tane the, the one. See Ta

Tasit, drew back, V. 623. See note

Taskar, a thresher (A.S. therscan, to thresh)

Tastit, v., tested, tried

Taucht, v., p.t., gave

Tauld, v., p.t., told

Te, v., to tie, XV. 282

Tell, count (A.S. tellan)

Tend, tenth

Tene, Teyne, anger, vexation, II. 377: for propyr tene in his personal vexation (A.S. tēona, injury, insult)

Tent, care, heed

Ter, tar, XVII. 611

Tha(y), those. See Grammar

Thak, thatch

Than, adv., then; even, I. 217

Thar, impers. v., it needs, it is necessary, VIII. 257, XII. 300; p.t., Thurt

Thar, adv., there; and in compounds, Thareftir, Thar-fra, therefrom; Thartill, thereto; Thar-throuch, thereby

Tharup, “up there”

The-quhethir, however, and yet, nevertheless. See Grammar (Conj).

Thine, thence; fra thine, from thence, V. 190; Thine-furth, thenceforth, XVII. 722

Thir, these. See Grammar (Pron.)

Thocht, conj., though

Thole, Thoill, v., to suffer, endure; p.t., Tholyt; p.p., Tholit (A.S. tholian, to suffer)

Thouch(t), though

Thowlesnes, heedlessness, I. 333

Thra, eager (O.N. thrār, stubborn)

Thrang, s. “throng,” crowd, press; difficulty, distress, X. 117, XV. 353

Thraw, a little time (A.S. thrāg, a space of time)

Thrawing, s., throwing

Threllis, “thralls,” slaves; also Thryll; Threldome, s., thraldom

Thretty, thirty

Thrillag(e), Thryllage, thraldom; also Thrildome, Thryldome

Thrillit, pierced (A.S. thirlian, to pierce)

Thring, Thryng, v., to throng; pr. p., Thringand (A.S. thringan, to press, crowd)

Thristill, a throstle, thrush

Thristing, s., thrusting, XIII. 156

Throppill, the windpipe, the throat

Throuch, Throw; prep., through

Throwand, pr. p., writhing, XV. 230

Thurt. See Thar

Thyrland, piercing, making holes in, II. 540; pr. p. of Thrillit

Tid, Tyd, time (A.S. tīd)

Till, prep., to

Till-hewyn, p.p., scarred, cut in different directions, XX. 367; p.t., Till-hewyt, clove, cut down, II. 381

Tit, Tyt, adv., soon, quickly; comp. Titar, Tyttar

Tit, Tyt, v., snatch, pull, V. 603, XVI. 132

Tithand, Tithing, s., tidings, news

To-fruschyt, v., p.p., crushed, broken in pieces (A.S. to, in two; O.F. froissier, to break)

To-ga, fled

To-morn, to-morrow

Top-castellis, top-castles or fighting-tops of a war-ship

To-stonay, to astound thoroughly. (“To” is intensive = Ger. Zu)

Tothir in the tothir, second. See Grammar

Tournys, v., turns

To-waverand, wandering in different directions

Towme, a tomb

Toym, Tume, leisure, V. 642 (Icel. tōm, emptiness, leisure). See note

Trammys, war-engines, structures of wood, XVII. 245

Trane, Traine, Trayn, stratagem, plot

Tranonting, Tranontyne s., stratagem, specially, apparently, a forced march, VII. 508, 608; v., Tranontit, XVIII. 360

Trappit, furnished with trappings, armoured (of horses)

Trast, Traist, adj., trusty; secure, XIV. 466; comp., Trastar; v., Trast, Trastit; adv., Trastly, Traistly, trustfully, securely, confidently; comp. Trastlyar; also Trast, subs., appointment, XVII. 36

Travaill, v., to travel, work hard, pr. p.; also Travale, trouble, interfere with, VI. 602

Travaill, Travell, s., a difficult journey, IV. 48; labour, hardship; pl., Travalys: also Travailyhe

Travaland, toiling, travelling; p.t., Travalit, troubled, harassed, etc.

Tray, s., vexation, XVIII. 233 (A.S. trega)

Trayne, v., draw, entice, XIX. 354

Tretis, s., a treaty; proposes to treat, X. 125

Treuth, s., troth, trust; gaf treuth, believed, IV. 223

Trew, v., trust, believe

Trewis, Trowis, s., truce; also as plur., XIX. 200, 203

Treyn, adj., wooden

Trist, “tryst,” place of meeting; set trist, appointed, VII. 235

Tropellis, troops, small bodies (O.F. tropel, dimin. of trope = troupeau, a troop)

Trow, v., believe; Trowit, Trowit

Trumpe, to sound the trumpet; pr. p., Trumpand; p.t., Trumpit, XIX. 429. See note

Trumpe, v., to sound on a trumpet; pr. p., Trumpand

Trumpit, p.p., deceived, XIX. 712 (?) (F. tromper, to deceive)

Trunsioune, a truncheon, staff of office

Trymbill, v., to tremble, II. 295; pr. subj., Trymmyll, XII. 268

Tulyheit, v., p.t., harassed, IV. 152

Tume, leisure, XVII. 735. See Toym.

Tummyll, v., tumble: p.t., Tumlit, pulled down

Turs, v., truss, pack up (O.F. torser); Tursit, Tursit

Tutlyng, tooting on a horn, XIX. 604

Twa(y), two

Twist, a twig, a small branch, VII. 188

Twyn, adj., twain, IV. 691

Tyd, v., to betide, happen

Tymbrys, crests (F. timbre)

Tyne, v., to lose; p.t., Tynt (Icel. tyna, to lose)

Tynsale, loss, harm

Tysday, Tuesday

Tyt. See Tit

Umbecast, v., to consider, think over

Umbeset, v., beset

Umbestount, adv., sometimes, VII. 398 (A.S. ymbe, about; stund, a time)

Umbethink, Umbethoucht, bethink, bethought

Umquhill, sometimes (A.S. hwīl, a time)

Unabasitly, boldly

Unbondyn, v., p.p., unbound

Under-ta(k), v., undertake; p.p., Undertane

Unfair, Unfayr, unfortunate, evil

Unseill, s., misfortune (A.S. unsǣl)

Unwittandly, unwisely

Unwemmyt. See Wem

Upcom, s., way up; also Upgang

Ure, s., fate, luck, “especially ‘good luck’” (Skeat) (O.F. _eur. Cf._ bonheur)

Utelauys, outlaws

Utouth, outside, II. 299

Valayis, s., valleys; pl., of Valè

Vanys, veins

Vaslage, Vassalage, prowess, valour (such as was expected from a vassal)

Vath, s., danger (O.N. vāthi)

Vaward, vanguard

Vencus, Vencust, v., vanquish, vanquished

Vere, spring

Verty. See Averty

Veschall, “vessels”; i.e., plate, XI. 117 (F. vaisselle)

Viage, s., voyage

Vittelleris, Vittelouris, s., “victualers,” foragers

Volageous, “flighty,” dashing, unsettled, VIII. 445, X. 553

Vyre, a bolt for a crossbow

Vyre, cast, XVII. 704 (O.F. virer)

Wa, Way, s., woe; adj., sad, sorry

Wach, Wauch, v., watch, guard

Wafand, waving

Wageouris, s., “waged soldiers,” mercenaries, XI. 48

Waik, weak. Cf. Waykar

Wald, s., wold

Wald, v., would

Walk, v., to wake, watch; p.t., Walknyt. See Language, “l”

Walkyn, v., to awake. See Language, “l”

Wallyt, p.p., walled

Walopyt, galloped, II. 440

Wan(e), v., p.t. of won

Wane, Wayne, quantity, XVI. 454

Wapnys, s., weapons

Wappyt, v., p.t., struck, knocked, XVII. 691

War, s., ware, merchandise, XIX. 194

War, adj., aware; wary, X. 333

War, adv., worse, XIII. 219

War, v., were

Warisoune, Warysoun, s., reward

Warn, v., to refuse, IV. 392; p.t., Warnyt, opposed; warned (A.S. wyrnan, to refuse)

Warnist, v., p.t. and p.p., stored, provided with; s., Warnasyng, Warnysyng (O.F. warnir; F. garnier, to provide)

Warnisoun, garrison

Warpyt, v., threw (A.S. weorpan, to throw)

Warrand, Warand(e), s., refuge, place of safety, protection; v., Warand, to protect

Warrar, adj., comp. more aware, V. 546

Warra(y), v., to war against; pr. p., Warrayand, warring upon, making war

Warraying, s., “warring,” warfare

Waryit, cursed (A.S. wergian, to curse)

Wassand, weasand, throat, VII. 584

Wat, adj., wet

Watyt, v. p.t, “waited,” lay in wait for, I. 202

Wat(e), v., wot, know

Wauch. See Wach

Waverand, v., pr. p., wandering about

Wayn, Weyn, “weening,” thought, purpose

Wayndist, gave way, swerved, recoiled (O.F. wandir, gandir, to turn aside, escape)

We, “wee,” a small space or short time

Wecht, s., weight

Weddir, “wether,” sheep

Weid, dress; armour, XVI. 580; pl. Wedis (A.S. wæd, clothing)

Weill, Weile, Wele, Weyle, adv., well very

Weir, s., war

Weir, s., doubt; but weir, without doubt

Weld, v., “wield”; pr. p., Weldand, ruling, guiding

Weltir, v., upset, XI. 25; pr. p., Weltrand, rolling. III. 719; p.t., Weltryt, rolled

Wem, stain, scar (A.S. wam); v., p.p., Wemmyt, scarred, XX. 368

Wend, v., to go; p.t., Went

Wend, v., “weened,” thought, expected; p.t., Wenit

Wene, Weyne, s., supposition; but we(y)ne, without doubt (A.S. wen)

Wenyng, “weening,” supposing, foretelling, IV. 765

Wer, adj., worse; also War

Wer(e), v., to defend, XVI. 594

Wer, Weyr, s., doubt: but wer, without doubt. See Weir

Werd, We(i)rdis, fate, destiny, and pl.

Wicht, adj., strong, brave, active

Wikkid, adj., poor, cruel; s., Wikkidness, timidity, weakness, XII. 280; Wikidly, severely, XVII. 809

Will, adj., wild, astray, VII. 2 (see note): will of red--of wane, at a loss

Wis, adj., “wise,” way (A.S. wīs)

Wissill, mutually destroy, XII. 580

With, Wyth, prep., against, I. 520; by, I. 521

Withsay, v., gainsay, oppose, I. 210

With-thi, conj., on condition that

Wittely, adv., wisely

Wittering, Witting, s., knowledge, information

Witterly, Wittirly, for certain

Witty, adj., wise, prudent

Wlispyt, v., lisped (Old Low Germ. wlispen)

Wod, Woud, s., wood

Wone, v., p.p., wont, accustomed

Wonnand, v., pr. p., dwelling; p.t., Wounyt (A.S. wunian, to dwell)

Wonnyn, v., p.p., won

Wonnyng, s., dwelling

Worschip, s., valour

Worth (Worthis), Worthit, v., becomes, became; p.p., Worthyn: hym worthit neid, it became necessary for him, XIX. 209; wo worth, woe be to, I. 515

Worthyhede, honour

Woude, “wud,” mad, XVII. 106 (A.S. wōd); also Wood, XX. 483

Woude, v., p.t., waded (A.S. wadan, wod)

Wouk, v., p.t., kept watch (A.S. wacan, woc, to watch, watched)

Woux, Wox(e), v., p.t., waxed, grew

Wrate, Wrat, Wrayt, v., wrote

Wre(y)th, Wreythyt, v., became enraged, enraged; p.p., Wrethit, XVII. 45

Wrichtis, wrights, workmen

Wrocht, Wroucht, v., p.t., wrought

Wyndland, pr. p., rolling, tumbling over one another, XVII. 721. “Windle-straws” in Scots = dog’s grass

Wysk, s., whisk, a quick blow.

Y, Yh. See also under I.

Yare(e), Yha(i)r, adj., ready; also adv.

Yheld, Yhald, Yholdyn, v., yield, yielded

Yharn(e), Yharnit, v., yearn, yearned for

Yharne, adv., diligently

Yheid, Yhed, Yhude, v., went (A.S. ēode)

Yheit, Yheyt, yet

Yhemar, a keeper, groom

Yhemsall, Yhemsell, Yheymseill, s., care (Icel. geimsla, guardianship)

Yheyme, Yhemyt, v., guard, take care of (A.S. gȳman, to watch over)

Yhet, Yhate, s., gate (A.S. geat)

Yhoill-evyn, “Yule-even,” Christmas Eve

Yhon(e), adj., yon; adv., Yhongat, in that way, in such a way

Yhouthheid, s., youth

Yneuch, adj. as indef. pron., enough, XIV. 235, 364

Ynkirly Ynkurly, adv., specially, particularly. See Enkrely

Ysche, v. See Isch

Ysching, s., “issuing,” sally

Ysche, s., “issue,” way out; sally; outlet, XIV. 354

Yscheill. See Eschele

Ythand, adj., diligent, constant, tenacious, also adv., Ythandly

LIST OF PRINCIPAL WORKS IN REFERENCES

R. S. = Rolls Series. R. C. = Record Commission.

Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, vol. i.

Alexander, The Buik of: Bannatyne Club.

Anglia: Band IX. (Article, _Sind die von Horstmann herausgegbenen schottischen Legenden ein Werk Barberes_, P. Buss).

Annals--Fragment (Irish) in Chartularies of St. Mary’s Abbey, vol. ii.

Annales Hiberniæ, or Annals of Ireland, frequently cited as Annals in Chartularies of St. Mary’s Abbey, vol. ii.

Annales Londonienses in Chronicles of Edward I. and Edward II., vol. ii.

Annales Paulini in Chronicles of Edward I., etc., vol. ii.

Annals of Four Masters. Dublin, 1856.

Annals of St. Mary’s Abbey in Chartularies of, etc., vol. ii.

Archæologia Scotica, vol. ii.

BAIN, JOSEPH: Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, vols. ii., iii., iv.

BAKER, GEOFFREY, of Swinbroke: Chronicon Angliæ (circa 1400). Ed. Giles, 1847.

BROWN, J. T. T.: The Wallace and The Bruce Restudied. Bonn, 1900.

Buke of the Howlat, The, in Scottish Alliterative Poems. S. T. S.

CAPGRAVE, JOHN: The Chronicle of England (floruit 1393-1464). R. S.

Cambridge History of English Literature, The, vol. ii., 1908.

Chartularies of St. Mary’s Abbey, Dublin. R. S.

CHAUCER: Globe Edition.

Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I. and Edward II. R. S.

Clonmacnoise, Annals of. Dublin, 1896.

Englische Studien, vol. x. (Article, _Die Fragmente von Barbour’s Trojanerkrieg_, E. Koeppel).

English Historical Review, vols. xiii., xiv., xix.

Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, vols. i., ii.

Flores Historiarum, vol. iii. R. S.

Fœdera, vols. ii., iii. Ed. Rymer. 1704-1735.

FORDUN, JOHANNIS DE: Gesta Annalia. Ed. Skene (_Historians of Scotland_).

FRASER, SIR WILLIAM: The Douglas Book.

FROISSART, JEAN: Chroniques. Ed. Lettenhove, 1863.

„ „ Chronicles. Translated by Johnes, 1857.

GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH: History of the Kings of Britain. Ed. Giles, 1844.

Geste Hystoriale of the Destruction of Troy. E. E. T. S.

Gesta Edwardi de Carnarvon in Chronicles of Edward I., etc., vol. ii.

Gesta Edwardi Tertii in Chronicles of Edward I., etc., vol. ii.

HAILES, LORD: Annals of Scotland. Ed. 1797.

HEMINGBURGH, WALTERI DE: Chronicon. (contemporary). English Historical Society.

HENSCHEL, F. H.: Darstellung der Flexionslehre in Barbour’s Bruce. Leipsig, 1886.

HERMANN, ALBERT: Untersuchungen über das Schottische Alexanderbuch. Halle, 1893.

Historical Letters and Papers from the Northern Registers. R. S.

Historical and Municipal Documents of Ireland. R. S.

INNES, COSMO: The Brus (Spalding Club).

JAMIESON, JOHN: The Bruce; The Wallace. Glasgow, 1869.

KNIGHTON, HENRICI: Chronicon. R. S. (For the first two Edwards draws largely on Hemingburgh: of independent importance for Edward III.)

Lanercost, Chronicon de. Maitland Club.

LE BEL, JEAN. Chronique, vol. i. Brussels, 1863 (as _Les Vrayes Chroniques); also for the Société de l’histoire de France_, 1904-5. (The work covers 1326-1360. It is substantially the source of Froissart within those dates.)

Legends of the Saints and Troy Fragments. Ed. Horstmann. Heilbronn, 1881.

Loch Cé, Annals of. London, 1871.

MARIANA, JOHN DE: General History of Spain. Translated by Stevens. London, 1699.

MAXWELL, SIR HERBERT: Robert the Bruce. (Heroes of the Nations.)

MAXWELL, SIR HERBERT: History of the House of Douglas.

MORRIS, J. E.: The Welsh Wars of Edward I.

Morte Arthure. Ed. M. M. Banks. 1900.

MURIMUTH, ADAM DE: Continuatio Chronicorum, R. S. (died 1347).

MURRAY, J. H.: Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland.

NEILSON, GEORGE: John Barbour, Poet and Translator. London, 1900. (Also articles in Scottish Antiquary.)

Old Statistical Account, vols. iv., xviii.

OMAN, C. W. C.: A History of the Art of War, 1898.

PALGRAVE, SIR FRANCIS: _Documents and Records illustrating the History of Scotland_. R. C.

Parliamentary Writs and Writs of Military Summons, vols. i., ii. R. C.

Patent Rolls, Calendar of: Edwards I., II., III. R. S.

Registrum Magni Sigilli, vol. i.

REGEL, ERNST: Phonetic Peculiarities of Barbour’s Bruce. Gesa, 1877.

ROBERTSON, WILLIAM: Index of Charters. Edinburgh, 1798.

RISHANGER, WILLIAM: Gesta Edwardi Primi (own work); Chronicle, 1272-1306 (compilation). R. S.

Rotuli Scotiæ, vol. i.

ROUND, J. H.: The Commune of London (article Bannockburn).

„ Feudal England.

„ Studies in the Peerage.

SALTOUN, LORD: The Frasers of Philorth.

Scalacronica: Sir Thomas Gray (circa 1356). Maitland Club

Scotichronicon. Ed. Goodall, 1759.

Scottish Antiquary, The, vols. xi., xii.

Scots Peerage, The. Ed. Sir J. B. Paul.

SKEAT, PROFESSOR: The Bruce, 2 vols. S. T. S.

Sowdone of Babylone, The. Ed. Hansknecht. E. E. T. S.

STEVENSON, JOSEPH: Illustrations of Scottish History. Maitland Club.

STEVENSON, JOSEPH: Historical Documents of Scotland. Register House, 1870.

TRIVET, NICHOLAS: Annales. English Historical Society. (Contemporary of Edward I.; uses and abridges Hemingburgh.)

TROKELOWE, JOHANNIS DE: Chronica et Annales. R. S. (Not before 1330; prime authority on Edward II.)

Ulster, Annals of. R. S.

WALSINGHAM, THOMAS: Historia Anglicana, vol. i. R. S. (Late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries.)

WRIGHT, THOMAS: Political Songs of England. Camden Society.

The Bruce 40Book 11 · Only the more significant or interesting references have been

The Bruce 40