Rule 15 · Pali Canon (Tipiṭaka) – English & Pāli · Verses Across
Buddhism · Vinaya Pitaka · Monastic Discipline
Rule 15Physical contact with a woman · 2. Kāyasaṁsaggasikkhāpada
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Buddhism · Vinaya Pitaka · Monastic Discipline
Rule 15
Physical contact with a woman · 2. Kāyasaṁsaggasikkhāpada
EnglishEnglish
PāliPali
At one time the Buddha was staying at Sāvatthī in the Jeta Grove, Anāthapiṇḍika’s Monastery. At that time Venerable Udāyī was staying in the wilderness. He had a beautiful dwelling with a room in the middle and corridors on all sides. The bed and bench were nicely made up, and the water for drinking and the water for washing were ready for use. The yards were well swept. Many people came to see Udāyī’s dwelling, among them a certain brahmin and his wife. They approached Udāyī and said, “Venerable, we would like to see your dwelling.” “Well then, brahmin, please do.” Udāyī took the key, lifted the latch, opened the door, and entered the dwelling. The brahmin entered after him and then the brahmin lady. Opening some windows and closing others, Udāyī walked around the inner room and came up behind the brahmin lady, touching her all over. Then the brahmin thanked Udāyī and left. And he expressed his delight, “These Sakyan monastics who live in the wilderness are superb. Venerable Udāyī is superb!” But the brahmin lady said, “What’s superb about him? He touched me all over just like you do.” The brahmin then complained and criticized him, “These Sakyan monastics are shameless and immoral liars. They claim to have integrity, to be celibate and of good conduct, to be truthful, moral, and good. But they don’t have the good character of a monastic or a brahmin. They’ve lost the plot! How could the ascetic Udāyī touch my wife all over? It’s not possible to go to a monastery or a monk’s dwelling with a wife from a respectable family, or with a daughter, a girl, a daughter-in-law, or a female slave from a respectable family. If you do, the Sakyan monastics might molest them.”
The monks heard the criticism of that brahmin. The monks of few desires complained and criticized Udāyī, “How could Venerable Udāyī make physical contact with a woman?” They told the Buddha. He then had the Sangha gathered and questioned Udāyī: “Is it true, Udāyī, that you did this?” “It’s true, sir.” The Buddha rebuked him, “Foolish man, it’s not suitable, it’s not proper, it’s not worthy of a monastic, it’s not allowable, it’s not to be done. How could you do this? Haven’t I given many teachings for the sake of dispassion, not for the sake of passion … the stilling of the fevers of worldly pleasures? This will affect people’s confidence …” … “And, monks, this training rule should be recited like this:
‘If a monk, overcome by lust and with a distorted mind, makes physical contact with a woman—holding her hand or hair, or touching any part of her body—he commits an offense entailing suspension.’”
A: whoever … Monk: … The monk who has been given the full ordination by a unanimous Sangha through a legal procedure consisting of one motion and three announcements that is irreversible and fit to stand—this sort of monk is meant in this case. Overcome by lust: having lust, longing for, in love with. Distorted: a lustful mind is distorted; an angry mind is distorted; a confused mind is distorted. But in this case “distorted” refers to the lustful mind. A woman: a human female, not a female spirit, not a female ghost, not a female animal; even a girl born on that very day, let alone an older one. With: together. Makes physical contact: misconduct is what is meant. Hand: from the elbow to the tip of the nails. Hair: just the hair; or the hair with strings in it, with a garland, with gold coins, with gold, with pearls, or with gems. Any part of her body: anything apart from the hand and the hair is called “any part of her body”.
Physical contact, touching, stroking downwards, stroking upwards, pulling down, lifting up, pulling, pushing, squeezing, pressing, taking hold of, contacting. Physical contact: mere physical contact. Touching: touching here and there. Stroking downwards: lowering down. Stroking upwards: raising up. Pulling down: bending down. Lifting up: raising up. Pulling: drawing to. Pushing: sending away. Squeezing: taking hold of a bodily part and then pressing. Pressing: pressing with something. Taking hold of: mere taking hold of. Contacting: mere contact. He commits an offense entailing suspension: … Therefore, too, it is called an offense entailing suspension.
It is a woman, he perceives her as a woman, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the woman, body to body, if he touches her, strokes her downwards, strokes her upwards, pulls her down, lifts her up, pulls her, pushes her, squeezes her, presses her, takes hold of her, contacts her, he commits an offense entailing suspension. It is a woman, but he is unsure of it, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the woman, body to body, if he touches her … takes hold of her, contacts her, he commits a serious offense. It is a woman, but he perceives her as a paṇḍaka, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the woman, body to body, if he touches her … takes hold of her, contacts her, he commits a serious offense. It is a woman, but he perceives her as a man, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the woman, body to body, if he touches her … takes hold of her, contacts her, he commits a serious offense. It is a woman, but he perceives her as an animal, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the woman, body to body, if he touches her … takes hold of her, contacts her, he commits a serious offense. It is a paṇḍaka, he perceives him as a paṇḍaka, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the paṇḍaka, body to body, if he touches him … takes hold of him, contacts him, he commits a serious offense. It is a paṇḍaka, but he is unsure of it, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the paṇḍaka, body to body, if he touches him … takes hold of him, contacts him, he commits an offense of wrong conduct. It is a paṇḍaka, but he perceives him as a man, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the paṇḍaka, body to body, if he touches him … takes hold of him, contacts him, he commits an offense of wrong conduct. It is a paṇḍaka, but he perceives him as an animal, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the paṇḍaka, body to body, if he touches him … takes hold of him, contacts him, he commits an offense of wrong conduct. It is a paṇḍaka, but he perceives him as a woman, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the paṇḍaka, body to body, if he touches him … takes hold of him, contacts him, he commits an offense of wrong conduct. It is a man, he perceives him as a man, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the man, body to body, if he touches him … takes hold of him, contacts him, he commits an offense of wrong conduct. It is a man, but he is unsure of it … It is a man, but he perceives him as an animal … It is a man, but he perceives him as a woman … It is a man, but he perceives him as a paṇḍaka, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the man, body to body, if he touches him … takes hold of him, contacts him, he commits an offense of wrong conduct. It is an animal, he perceives it as an animal, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the animal, body to body, if he touches it … takes hold of it, contacts it, he commits an offense of wrong conduct. It is an animal, but he is unsure of it … It is an animal, but he perceives it as a woman … It is an animal, but he perceives it as a paṇḍaka … It is an animal, but he perceives it as a man, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the animal, body to body, if he touches it … takes hold of it, contacts it, he commits an offense of wrong conduct. The section based on one item is finished.
Itthī ca hoti itthisaññī sāratto ca bhikkhu ca. Naṁ itthiyā kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati omasati ummasati olaṅgheti ullaṅgheti ākaḍḍhati patikaḍḍhati abhiniggaṇhāti abhinippīḷeti gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti saṅghādisesassa. Itthī ca hoti vematiko sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ itthiyā kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti thullaccayassa. Itthī ca hoti paṇḍakasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ itthiyā kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti thullaccayassa. Itthī ca hoti purisasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ itthiyā kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti thullaccayassa. Itthī ca hoti tiracchānagatasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ itthiyā kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti thullaccayassa. Paṇḍako ca hoti paṇḍakasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ paṇḍakassa kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti thullaccayassa. Paṇḍako ca hoti vematiko sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ paṇḍakassa kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Paṇḍako ca hoti purisasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ paṇḍakassa kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Paṇḍako ca hoti tiracchānagatasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ paṇḍakassa kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Paṇḍako ca hoti itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ paṇḍakassa kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Puriso ca hoti purisasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ purisassa kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Puriso ca hoti vematiko …pe… puriso ca hoti tiracchānagatasaññī … puriso ca hoti itthisaññī … puriso ca hoti paṇḍakasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ purisassa kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Tiracchānagato ca hoti tiracchānagatasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ tiracchānagatassa kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Tiracchānagato ca hoti vematiko …pe… tiracchānagato ca hoti itthisaññī … tiracchānagato ca hoti paṇḍakasaññī … tiracchānagato ca hoti. Purisasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ tiracchānagatassa kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Ekamūlakaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.
It is two women, he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the two women, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits two offenses entailing suspension. It is two women, but he is unsure about both, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the two women, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits two serious offenses. It is two women, but he perceives both as paṇḍakas … but he perceives both as men … but he perceives both as animals, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the two women, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits two serious offenses. It is two paṇḍakas, he perceives both as paṇḍakas, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the two paṇḍakas, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits two serious offenses. It is two paṇḍakas, but he is unsure about both … but he perceives both as men … but he perceives both as animals … but he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the two paṇḍakas, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. It is two men, he perceives both as men, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the two men, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. It is two men, but he is unsure about both … but he perceives both as animals … but he perceives both as women … but he perceives both as paṇḍakas, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the two men, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. It is two animals, he perceives both as animals, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the two animals, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. It is two animals, but he is unsure about both … but he perceives both as women … but he perceives both as paṇḍakas … but he perceives both as men, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with the two animals, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct.
Dve itthiyo dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dvinnaṁ saṅghādisesānaṁ. Dve itthiyo dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ vematiko sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dvinnaṁ thullaccayānaṁ. Dve itthiyo dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ paṇḍakasaññī …pe… purisasaññī … tiracchānagatasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dvinnaṁ thullaccayānaṁ. Dve paṇḍakā dvinnaṁ paṇḍakānaṁ paṇḍakasaññī sāratto ca bhikkhu ca naṁ dvinnaṁ paṇḍakānaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dvinnaṁ thullaccayānaṁ. Dve paṇḍakā dvinnaṁ paṇḍakānaṁ vematiko …pe… purisasaññī … tiracchānagatasaññī … itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ dvinnaṁ paṇḍakānaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ. Dve purisā dvinnaṁ purisānaṁ purisasaññī sāratto ca bhikkhu ca naṁ dvinnaṁ purisānaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ. Dve purisā dvinnaṁ purisānaṁ vematiko …pe… tiracchānagatasaññī … itthisaññī … paṇḍakasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ dvinnaṁ purisānaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ. Dve tiracchānagatā dvinnaṁ tiracchānagatānaṁ tiracchānagatasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ dvinnaṁ tiracchānagatānaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ. Dve tiracchānagatā dvinnaṁ tiracchānagatānaṁ vematiko …pe… itthisaññī … paṇḍakasaññī … purisasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ dvinnaṁ tiracchānagatānaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ.
It is a woman and a paṇḍaka, but he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with both, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits one offense entailing suspension and one offense of wrong conduct. It is a woman and a paṇḍaka, but he is unsure about both, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with both, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits one serious offense and one offense of wrong conduct. It is a woman and a paṇḍaka, but he perceives both as paṇḍakas, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with both, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits two serious offenses. It is a woman and a paṇḍaka, but he perceives both as men, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with both, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits one serious offense and one offense of wrong conduct. It is a woman and a paṇḍaka, but he perceives both as animals, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with both, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits one serious offense and one offense of wrong conduct. It is a woman and a man, but he perceives both as women and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with both, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits one offense entailing suspension and one offense of wrong conduct. It is a woman and a man, but he is unsure about both … but he perceives both as paṇḍakas … but he perceives both as men … but he perceives both as animals, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with both, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits one serious offense and one offense of wrong conduct. It is a woman and an animal, but he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with both, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits one offense entailing suspension and one offense of wrong conduct. It is a woman and an animal, but he is unsure about both … but he perceives both as paṇḍakas … but he perceives both as men … but he perceives both as animals, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with both, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits one serious offense and one offense of wrong conduct. It is a paṇḍaka and a man, but he perceives both as paṇḍakas, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with both, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits one serious offense and one offense of wrong conduct. It is a paṇḍaka and a man, but he is unsure about both … but he perceives both as men … but he perceives both as animals … but he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with both, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. It is a paṇḍaka and an animal, but he perceives both as paṇḍakas, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with both, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits one serious offense and one offense of wrong conduct. It is a paṇḍaka and an animal, but he is unsure about both … but he perceives both as men … but he perceives both as animals … but he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with both, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. It is a man and an animal, but he perceives both as men, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with both, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. It is a man and an animal, but he is unsure about both … but he perceives both as animals … but he perceives both as women … but he perceives both as paṇḍakas, and he has lust. If the monk makes physical contact with both, body to body, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. The section based on two items is finished.
Itthī ca paṇḍako ca ubhinnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti saṅghādisesena dukkaṭassa. Itthī ca paṇḍako ca ubhinnaṁ vematiko sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti thullaccayena dukkaṭassa. Itthī ca paṇḍako ca ubhinnaṁ paṇḍakasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dvinnaṁ thullaccayānaṁ. Itthī ca paṇḍako ca ubhinnaṁ purisasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti thullaccayena dukkaṭassa. Itthī ca paṇḍako ca ubhinnaṁ tiracchānagatasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti thullaccayena dukkaṭassa. Itthī ca puriso ca ubhinnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti saṅghādisesena dukkaṭassa. Itthī ca puriso ca ubhinnaṁ vematiko …pe… paṇḍakasaññī … purisasaññī … tiracchānagatasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti thullaccayena dukkaṭassa. Itthī ca tiracchānagato ca ubhinnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti saṅghādisesena dukkaṭassa. Itthī ca tiracchānagato ca ubhinnaṁ vematiko …pe… paṇḍakasaññī … purisasaññī … tiracchānagatasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti thullaccayena dukkaṭassa. Paṇḍako ca puriso ca ubhinnaṁ paṇḍakasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti thullaccayena dukkaṭassa. Paṇḍako ca puriso ca ubhinnaṁ vematiko …pe… purisasaññī … tiracchānagatasaññī … itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ. Paṇḍako ca tiracchānagato ca ubhinnaṁ paṇḍakasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti thullaccayena dukkaṭassa. Paṇḍako ca tiracchānagato ca ubhinnaṁ vematiko …pe… purisasaññī … tiracchānagatasaññī … itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ. Puriso ca tiracchānagato ca ubhinnaṁ purisasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ. Puriso ca tiracchānagato ca ubhinnaṁ vematiko …pe… tiracchānagatasaññī … itthisaññī … paṇḍakasaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ. Dumūlakaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ.
It is a woman, he perceives her as a woman, and he has lust. If the monk, with his own body, makes physical contact with something connected to her body, if he touches it … takes hold of it, contacts it, he commits a serious offense. … It is two women, he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the monk, with his own body, makes physical contact with something connected to the body of both, if he touches it … takes hold of it, contacts it, he commits two serious offenses. … It is a woman and a paṇḍaka, but he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the monk, with his own body, makes physical contact with something connected to the body of both, if he touches it … takes hold of it, contacts it, he commits one serious offense and one offense of wrong conduct. … It is a woman, he perceives her as a woman, and he has lust. If the monk, with something connected to his own body, makes physical contact with her body, if he touches it … takes hold of it, contacts it, he commits a serious offense. … It is two women, he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the monk, with something connected to his own body, makes physical contact with the body of both, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits two serious offenses. … It is a woman and a paṇḍaka, but he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the monk, with something connected to his own body, makes physical contact with the body of both, if he touches them … takes hold of them, contacts them, he commits one serious offense and one offense of wrong conduct. … If the monk, with something connected to his own body, makes physical contact with something connected to her body, if he touches it … takes hold of it, contacts it, he commits an offense of wrong conduct. … It is two women, he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the monk, with something connected to his own body, makes physical contact with something connected to the body of both, if he touches it … takes hold of it, contacts it, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. … It is a woman and a paṇḍaka, but he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the monk, with something connected to his own body, makes physical contact with something connected to the body of both, if he touches it … takes hold of it, contacts it, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. … If the monk, with something released by him, makes physical contact with her body, he commits an offense of wrong conduct. … It is two women, he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the monk, with something released by him, makes physical contact with the body of both, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. … It is a woman and a paṇḍaka, but he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the monk, with something released by him, makes physical contact with the body of both, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. … It is a woman, he perceives her as a woman, and he has lust. If the monk, with something released by him, makes physical contact with something connected to her body, he commits an offense of wrong conduct. … It is two women, he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the monk, with something released by him, makes physical contact with something connected to the body of both, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. … It is a woman and a paṇḍaka, but he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the monk, with something released by him, makes physical contact with something connected to the body of both, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. … It is a woman, he perceives her as a woman, and he has lust. If the monk, with something released by him, makes physical contact with something released by her, he commits an offense of wrong conduct. … It is two women, he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the monk, with something released by him, makes physical contact with something released by both, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. … It is a woman and a paṇḍaka, but he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the monk, with something released by him, makes physical contact with something released by both, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. … The successive series on a monk is finished.
Itthī ca hoti itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ itthiyā kāyena kāyapaṭibaddhaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti thullaccayassa …pe…. Dve itthiyo dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ kāyena kāyapaṭibaddhaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dvinnaṁ thullaccayānaṁ …pe…. Itthī ca paṇḍako ca ubhinnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ kāyena kāyapaṭibaddhaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti thullaccayena dukkaṭassa …pe…. Itthī ca hoti itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ itthiyā kāyapaṭibaddhena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti thullaccayassa …pe…. Dve itthiyo dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ kāyapaṭibaddhena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dvinnaṁ thullaccayānaṁ …pe…. Itthī ca paṇḍako ca ubhinnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ kāyapaṭibaddhena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti thullaccayena dukkaṭassa …pe…. Bhikkhu ca naṁ itthiyā kāyapaṭibaddhena kāyapaṭibaddhaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dukkaṭassa …pe…. Dve itthiyo dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ kāyapaṭibaddhena kāyapaṭibaddhaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ …pe…. Itthī ca paṇḍako ca ubhinnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ kāyapaṭibaddhena kāyapaṭibaddhaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ …pe…. Bhikkhu ca naṁ itthiyā nissaggiyena kāyaṁ āmasati āpatti dukkaṭassa …pe…. Dve itthiyo dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ nissaggiyena kāyaṁ āmasati, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ …pe…. Itthī ca paṇḍako ca ubhinnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ nissaggiyena kāyaṁ āmasati, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ …pe…. Itthī ca hoti itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ itthiyā nissaggiyena kāyapaṭibaddhaṁ āmasati, āpatti dukkaṭassa …pe…. Dve itthiyo dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ nissaggiyena kāyapaṭibaddhaṁ āmasati, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ …pe…. Itthī ca paṇḍako ca ubhinnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ nissaggiyena kāyapaṭibaddhaṁ āmasati, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ …pe…. Itthī ca hoti itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ itthiyā nissaggiyena nissaggiyaṁ āmasati, āpatti dukkaṭassa …pe…. Dve itthiyo dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ nissaggiyena nissaggiyaṁ āmasati, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ …pe…. Itthī ca paṇḍako ca ubhinnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Bhikkhu ca naṁ ubhinnaṁ nissaggiyena nissaggiyaṁ āmasati, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ …pe…. Bhikkhupeyyālo niṭṭhito.
It is a woman, he perceives her as a woman, and he has lust.
Itthī ca hoti itthisaññī sāratto ca.
It is a woman, he perceives her as a woman, and he has lust.
Itthī ca hoti itthisaññī sāratto ca.
It is a woman, he perceives her as a woman, and he has lust. If the woman makes physical contact with the monk, body to body, if she touches him, strokes him downwards, strokes him upwards, pulls him down, lifts him up, pulls him, pushes him, squeezes him, presses him, takes hold of him, contacts him, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits an offense entailing suspension. … It is two women, he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the women make physical contact with the monk, body to body, if they touch him, stroke him downwards, stroke him upwards, pull him down, lift him up, pull him, push him, squeeze him, press him, take hold of him, contact him, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits two offenses entailing suspension. … It is a woman and a paṇḍaka, but he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If they both make physical contact with the monk, body to body, if they touch him … take hold of him, contact him, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits one offense entailing suspension and one offense of wrong conduct. … If the woman, with her own body, makes physical contact with something connected to his body, if she touches it … takes hold of it, contacts it, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits a serious offense. … It is two women, he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the women, with their own bodies, make physical contact with something connected to his body, if they touch it … take hold of it, contact it, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits two serious offenses. … It is a woman and a paṇḍaka, but he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If they both, with their own bodies, make physical contact with something connected to his body, if they touch it … take hold of it, contact it, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits one serious offense and one offense of wrong conduct. … It is a woman, he perceives her as a woman, and he has lust. If the woman, with something connected to her own body, makes physical contact with his body, if she touches him … takes hold of him, contacts him, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits a serious offense. … It is two women, he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the women, with something connected to their own bodies, make physical contact with his body, if they touch him … take hold of him, contact him, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits two serious offenses. … It is a woman and a paṇḍaka, but he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If they both, with something connected to their own bodies, make physical contact with his body, if they touch him … take hold of him, contact him, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits one serious offense and one offense of wrong conduct. … If the woman, with something connected to her own body, makes physical contact with something connected to his body, if she touches it … takes hold of it, contacts it, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits an offense of wrong conduct. … It is two women, he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the women, with something connected to their own bodies, make physical contact with something connected to his body, if they touch it … take hold of it, contact it, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. … It is a woman and a paṇḍaka, but he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If they both, with something connected to their own bodies, make physical contact with something connected to his body, if they touch it … take hold of it, contact it, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. … If the woman, with something released by her, makes physical contact with his body, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits an offense of wrong conduct. … It is two women, he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the women, with something released by both, make physical contact with his body, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. … It is a woman and a paṇḍaka, but he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If they both, with something released by both, make physical contact with his body, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. … It is a woman, he perceives her as a woman, and he has lust. If the woman, with something released by her, makes physical contact with something connected to his body, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits an offense of wrong conduct. … It is two women, he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the women, with something released by both, make physical contact with something connected to his body, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. … It is a woman and a paṇḍaka, but he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If they both, with something released by both, make physical contact with something connected to his body, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. … It is a woman, he perceives her as a woman, and he has lust. If the woman, with something released by her, makes physical contact with something released by him, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body, but does not experience contact, he commits an offense of wrong conduct. … It is two women, he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If the women, with something released by both, make physical contact with something released by him, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body, but does not experience contact, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. … It is a woman and a paṇḍaka, but he perceives both as women, and he has lust. If they both, with something released by both, make physical contact with something released by him, and he, aiming at connection, makes an effort with the body, but does not experience contact, he commits two offenses of wrong conduct. …
Itthī ca hoti itthisaññī sāratto ca. Itthī ca naṁ bhikkhussa kāyena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati omasati ummasati olaṅgheti ullaṅgheti ākaḍḍhati patikaḍḍhati abhiniggaṇhāti abhinippīḷeti gaṇhāti chupati, sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti saṅghādisesassa …pe…. Dve itthiyo dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Itthiyo ca naṁ bhikkhussa kāyena kāyaṁ āmasanti parāmasanti omasanti ummasanti olaṅghenti ullaṅghenti ākaḍḍhanti patikaḍḍhanti abhiniggaṇhanti abhinippīḷenti gaṇhanti chupanti, sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti dvinnaṁ saṅghādisesānaṁ …pe…. Itthī ca paṇḍako ca ubhinnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Ubho ca naṁ bhikkhussa kāyena kāyaṁ āmasanti parāmasanti …pe… gaṇhanti chupanti, sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti saṅghādisesena dukkaṭassa …pe…. Itthī ca naṁ bhikkhussa kāyena kāyapaṭibaddhaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti thullaccayassa …pe…. Dve itthiyo dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Itthiyo ca naṁ bhikkhussa kāyena kāyapaṭibaddhaṁ āmasanti parāmasanti …pe… gaṇhanti chupanti, sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti dvinnaṁ thullaccayānaṁ …pe…. Itthī ca paṇḍako ca ubhinnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Ubho ca naṁ bhikkhussa kāyena kāyapaṭibaddhaṁ āmasanti parāmasanti …pe… gaṇhanti chupanti, sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti thullaccayena dukkaṭassa …pe…. Itthī ca hoti itthisaññī sāratto ca. Itthī ca naṁ bhikkhussa kāyapaṭibaddhena kāyaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti thullaccayassa …pe…. Dve itthiyo dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Itthiyo ca naṁ bhikkhussa kāyapaṭibaddhena kāyaṁ āmasanti parāmasanti …pe… gaṇhanti chupanti, sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti dvinnaṁ thullaccayānaṁ …pe…. Itthī ca paṇḍako ca ubhinnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Ubho ca naṁ bhikkhussa kāyapaṭibaddhena kāyaṁ āmasanti parāmasanti …pe… gaṇhanti chupanti, sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti thullaccayena dukkaṭassa …pe…. Itthī ca naṁ bhikkhussa kāyapaṭibaddhena kāyapaṭibaddhaṁ āmasati parāmasati …pe… gaṇhāti chupati, sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti dukkaṭassa …pe…. Dve itthiyo dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Itthiyo ca naṁ bhikkhussa kāyapaṭibaddhena kāyapaṭibaddhaṁ āmasanti parāmasanti …pe… gaṇhanti chupanti, sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ …pe…. Itthī ca paṇḍako ca ubhinnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Ubho ca naṁ bhikkhussa kāyapaṭibaddhena kāyapaṭibaddhaṁ āmasanti parāmasanti …pe… gaṇhanti chupanti, sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ …pe…. Itthī ca naṁ bhikkhussa nissaggiyena kāyaṁ āmasati. Sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti dukkaṭassa …pe…. Dve itthiyo dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Itthiyo ca naṁ bhikkhussa nissaggiyena kāyaṁ āmasanti. Sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ …pe…. Itthī ca paṇḍako ca ubhinnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Ubho ca naṁ bhikkhussa nissaggiyena kāyaṁ āmasanti. Sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ …pe…. Itthī ca hoti itthisaññī sāratto ca. Itthī ca naṁ bhikkhussa nissaggiyena kāyapaṭibaddhaṁ āmasati. Sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti dukkaṭassa …pe…. Dve itthiyo dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Itthiyo ca naṁ bhikkhussa nissaggiyena kāyapaṭibaddhaṁ āmasanti. Sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ …pe…. Itthī ca paṇḍako ca ubhinnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Ubho ca naṁ bhikkhussa nissaggiyena kāyapaṭibaddhaṁ āmasanti. Sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ …pe…. Itthī ca hoti itthisaññī sāratto ca. Itthī ca naṁ bhikkhussa nissaggiyena nissaggiyaṁ āmasati. Sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati, na ca phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti dukkaṭassa …pe…. Dve itthiyo dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Itthiyo ca naṁ bhikkhussa nissaggiyena nissaggiyaṁ āmasanti. Sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati, na ca phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ …pe…. Itthī ca paṇḍako ca ubhinnaṁ itthisaññī sāratto ca. Ubho ca naṁ bhikkhussa nissaggiyena nissaggiyaṁ āmasanti. Sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati, na ca phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti dvinnaṁ dukkaṭānaṁ …pe….
It is a woman, he perceives her as a woman, and he has lust.
Itthī ca hoti itthisaññī sāratto ca.
It is a woman, he perceives her as a woman, and he has lust.
Itthī ca hoti itthisaññī sāratto ca.
It is a woman, he perceives her as a woman, and he has lust.
Itthī ca hoti itthisaññī sāratto ca.
If, aiming at connection, he makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, he commits an offense entailing suspension. If, aiming at connection, he makes an effort with the body, but does not experience contact, he commits an offense of wrong conduct. If, aiming at connection, he makes no effort with the body, but experiences contact, there is no offense. If, aiming at connection, he makes no effort with the body and does not experience contact, there is no offense. If, aiming to free himself, he makes an effort with the body and experiences contact, there is no offense. If, aiming to free himself, he makes an effort with the body, but does not experience contact, there is no offense. If, aiming to free himself, he makes no effort with the body, but experiences contact, there is no offense. If, aiming to free himself, he makes no effort with the body and does not experience contact, there is no offense.
Sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti saṅghādisesassa. Sevanādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati, na ca phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, āpatti dukkaṭassa. Sevanādhippāyo na ca kāyena vāyamati, phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, anāpatti. Sevanādhippāyo na ca kāyena vāyamati, na ca phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, anāpatti. Mokkhādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati, phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, anāpatti. Mokkhādhippāyo kāyena vāyamati, na ca phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, anāpatti. Mokkhādhippāyo na ca kāyena vāyamati, phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, anāpatti. Mokkhādhippāyo na ca kāyena vāyamati, na ca phassaṁ paṭivijānāti, anāpatti.
There is no offense: if it is unintentional; if he is not mindful; if he does not know; if he does not consent; if he is insane; if he is deranged; if he is overwhelmed by pain; if he is the first offender. Summary verses of case studies “Mother, daughter, and sister, Wife, and female spirit, paṇḍaka; Asleep, dead, female animal, And with a wooden doll. About harassment, bridge, road, Tree, and boat, and rope; A staff, pushed with a bowl, When paying respect, made an effort but did not touch.”
Anāpatti— asañcicca, asatiyā, ajānantassa, asādiyantassa, ummattakassa, khittacittassa, vedanāṭṭassa, ādikammikassāti. 2.1. Vinītavatthuuddānagāthā Mātā dhītā bhaginī ca, jāyā yakkhī ca paṇḍako; Suttā matā tiracchānā, dārudhītalikāya ca. Sampīḷe saṅkamo maggo, rukkho nāvā ca rajju ca; Daṇḍo pattaṁ paṇāmesi, vande vāyami nacchupeti.
Case studies
2.2. Vinītavatthu
At one time a monk touched his mother out of affection. He became anxious, thinking, “The Buddha has laid down a training rule. Could it be that I’ve committed an offense entailing suspension?” He told the Buddha, who said, “There’s no offense entailing suspension, but there’s an offense of wrong conduct.” At one time a monk touched his daughter out of affection … his sister out of affection. He became anxious … “There’s no offense entailing suspension, but there’s an offense of wrong conduct.”
At one time a monk made physical contact with a female spirit. He became anxious … “There’s no offense entailing suspension, but there’s a serious offense.” At one time a monk made physical contact with a paṇḍaka. He became anxious … “There’s no offense entailing suspension, but there’s a serious offense.”
At one time a monk made physical contact with a sleeping woman. He became anxious … “You’ve committed an offense entailing suspension.” At one time a monk made physical contact with a dead woman. He became anxious … “There’s no offense entailing suspension, but there’s a serious offense.” At one time a monk made physical contact with a female animal. … “There’s no offense entailing suspension, but there’s an offense of wrong conduct.” At one time a monk made physical contact with a wooden doll. … “There’s no offense entailing suspension, but there’s an offense of wrong conduct.”
At one time a number of women harassed a monk by leading him about arm in arm. He became anxious … “Did you consent, monk?” “No, sir.” “There’s no offense if one doesn’t consent.”
At one time a lustful monk shook the bridge that a woman was standing on. He became anxious … “There’s no offense entailing suspension, but there’s an offense of wrong conduct.”
At one time a monk saw a woman coming in the opposite direction, and being lustful, he struck her with his shoulder. He became anxious … “You’ve committed an offense entailing suspension.”
At one time a lustful monk shook the tree that a woman had climbed. He became anxious … “There’s no offense entailing suspension, but there’s an offense of wrong conduct.” At one time a lustful monk shook the boat that a woman had boarded. He became anxious … “There’s no offense entailing suspension, but there’s an offense of wrong conduct.”
At one time a lustful monk pulled the rope that a woman was holding. He became anxious … “There’s no offense entailing suspension, but there’s a serious offense.” At one time a lustful monk pulled the staff that a woman was holding. He became anxious … “There’s no offense entailing suspension, but there’s a serious offense.”
At one time a lustful monk pushed a woman with his almsbowl. He became anxious … “There’s no offense entailing suspension, but there’s a serious offense.”
At one time a lustful monk raised his foot as a woman was paying respect to him. He became anxious … “You’ve committed an offense entailing suspension.” At one time a monk, thinking, “I’ll take hold of a woman,” exerted himself, but did not make contact. He became anxious … “There’s no offense entailing suspension, but there’s an offense of wrong conduct.” The training rule on physical contact with a woman, the second, is finished.
