On the Origin of Species (sixth edition) 20 – Darwin · Verses Across
Literature · Animals
On the Origin of Species (sixth edition) 20Recapitulation and Conclusion (part 3)
18
Literature · Animals
On the Origin of Species (sixth edition) 20
Recapitulation and Conclusion (part 3)
DarwinEnglish
RANGE.—The extent of country over which a plant or animal is naturally spread. Range in time expresses the distribution of a species or group through the fossiliferous beds of the earth’s crust.
RETINA.—The delicate inner coat of the eye, formed by nervous filaments spreading from the optic nerve, and serving for the perception of the impressions produced by light.
RETROGRESSION.—Backward development. When an animal, as it approaches maturity, becomes less perfectly organised than might be expected from its early stages and known relationships, it is said to undergo a retrogade development or metamorphosis.
RHIZOPODS.—A class of lowly organised animals (Protozoa), having a gelatinous body, the surface of which can be protruded in the form of root-like processes or filaments, which serve for locomotion and the prehension of food. The most important order is that of the Foraminifera.
RODENTS.—The gnawing Mammalia, such as the rats, rabbits, and squirrels. They are especially characterised by the possession of a single pair of chisel-like cutting teeth in each jaw, between which and the grinding teeth there is a great gap.
RUBUS.—The bramble genus.
RUDIMENTARY.—Very imperfectly developed.
RUMINANTS.—The group of quadrupeds which ruminate or chew the cud, such as oxen, sheep, and deer. They have divided hoofs, and are destitute of front teeth in the upper jaw.
SACRAL.—Belonging to the sacrum, or the bone composed usually of two or more united vertebræ to which the sides of the pelvis in vertebrate animals are attached.
SARCODE.—The gelatinous material of which the bodies of the lowest animals (Protozoa) are composed.
SCUTELLÆ.—The horny plates with which the feet of birds are generally more or less covered, especially in front.
SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS.—Rocks deposited as sediments from water.
SEGMENTS.—The transverse rings of which the body of an articulate animal or annelid is composed.
SEPALS.—The leaves or segments of the calyx, or outermost envelope of an ordinary flower. They are usually green, but sometimes brightly coloured.
SERRATURES.—Teeth like those of a saw.
SESSILE.—Not supported on a stem or footstalk.
SILURIAN SYSTEM.—A very ancient system of fossiliferous rocks belonging to the earlier part of the Palæozoic series.
SPECIALISATION.—The setting apart of a particular organ for the performance of a particular function.
SPINAL CORD.—The central portion of the nervous system in the Vertebrata, which descends from the brain through the arches of the vertebræ, and gives off nearly all the nerves to the various organs of the body.
STAMENS.—The male organs of flowering plants, standing in a circle within the petals. They usually consist of a filament and an anther, the anther being the essential part in which the pollen, or fecundating dust, is formed.
STERNUM.—The breast-bone.
STIGMA.—The apical portion of the pistil in flowering plants.
STIPULES.—Small leafy organs placed at the base of the footstalks of the leaves in many plants.
STYLE.—The middle portion of the perfect pistil, which rises like a column from the ovary and supports the stigma at its summit.
SUBCUTANEOUS.—Situated beneath the skin.
SUCTORIAL.—Adapted for sucking.
SUTURES (in the skull).—The lines of junction of the bones of which the skull is composed.
TARSUS (pl. TARSI).—The jointed feet of articulate animals, such as insects.
TELEOSTEAN FISHES.—Fishes of the kind familiar to us in the present day, having the skeleton usually completely ossified and the scales horny.
TENTACULA or TENTACLES.—Delicate fleshy organs of prehension or touch possessed by many of the lower animals.
TERTIARY.—The latest geological epoch, immediately preceding the establishment of the present order of things.
TRACHEA.—The windpipe or passage for the admission of air to the lungs.
TRIDACTYLE.—Three-fingered, or composed of three movable parts attached to a common base.
TRILOBITES.—A peculiar group of extinct crustaceans, somewhat resembling the woodlice in external form, and, like some of them, capable of rolling themselves up into a ball. Their remains are found only in the Palæozoic rocks, and most abundantly in those of Silurian age.
TRIMORPHIC.—Presenting three distinct forms.
UMBELLIFERÆ.—An order of plants in which the flowers, which contain five stamens and a pistil with two styles, are supported upon footstalks which spring from the top of the flower stem and spread out like the wires of an umbrella, so as to bring all the flowers in the same head (umbel) nearly to the same level. (Examples, Parsley and Carrot.)
UNGULATA.—Hoofed quadrupeds.
UNICELLULAR.—Consisting of a single cell.
VASCULAR.—Containing blood-vessels.
VERMIFORM.—Like a worm.
VERTEBRATA or VERTEBRATE ANIMALS.—The highest division of the animal kingdom, so called from the presence in most cases of a backbone composed of numerous joints or vertebræ, which constitutes the centre of the skeleton and at the same time supports and protects the central parts of the nervous system.
WHORLS.—The circles or spiral lines in which the parts of plants are arranged upon the axis of growth.
WORKERS.—See neuters.
ZOËA-STAGE.—The earliest stage in the development of many of the higher Crustacea, so called from the name of Zoëa applied to these young animals when they were supposed to constitute a peculiar genus.
ZOOIDS.—In many of the lower animals (such as the Corals, Medusæ, &c.) reproduction takes place in two ways, namely, by means of eggs and by a process of budding with or without separation from the parent of the product of the latter, which is often very different from that of the egg. The individuality of the species is represented by the whole of the form produced between two sexual reproductions; and these forms, which are apparently individual animals, have been called zooids.
INDEX.
Aberrant groups, 379.
Abyssinia, plants of, 340.
Acclimatisation, 112.
Adoxa, 173.
Affinities of extinct species, 301.
—, of organic beings, 378.
Agassiz on Amblyopsis, 112. —, on groups of species suddenly appearing, 289. —, on prophetic forms, 301. —, on embryological succession, 310. —, on the Glacial period, 330. —, on embryological characters, 368. —, on the latest tertiary forms, 278. —, on parallelism of embryological development and geological succession, 396. —, Alex., on pedicellariæ, 191.
Algæ of New Zealand, 338.
Alligators, males, fighting, 69.
Alternate generations, 387.
Amblyopsis, blind fish, 112.
America, North, productions allied to those of Europe, 333. —, boulders and glaciers of, 335. —, South, no modern formations on west coast, 272.
Ammonites, sudden extinction of, 297.
Anagallis, sterility of, 236.
Analogy of variations, 127.
Andaman Islands inhabited by a toad, 350.
Ancylus, 345.
Animals, not domesticated from being variable, 13.
—, domestic; descended from several stocks, 14.
—, acclimatisation of, 112.
Animals of Australia, 90.
—, with thicker fur in cold climates, 107.
—, blind, in caves, 110.
—, extinct, of Australia, 310.
Baer, Von, standard of Highness, 97.
—, comparison of bee and fish, 308.
—, embryonic similarity of the Vertebrata, 387.
Baker, Sir S., on the giraffe, 178.
Balancement of growth, 117.
Baleen, 182.
Barberry, flowers of, 77.
Barrande, M., on Silurian colonies, 291.
—, on the succession of species, 299.
—, on parallelism of palæozoic formations, 301.
—, on affinities of ancient species, 302.
Barriers, importance of, 317.
Bates, Mr., on mimetic butterflies, 375, 376.
Batrachians on islands, 350.
Bats, how structure acquired, 140.
—, distribution of, 351.
Bees, fertilizing flowers, 57.
—, hive, not sucking the red clover, 75.
—, Ligurian, 75.
—, hive, cell-making instinct, 220.
—, variation in habits, 208.
—, parasitic, 216.
—, humble, cells of, 220.
Beetles, wingless, in Madeira, 109.
—, with deficient tarsi, 109.
Bentham, Mr., on British plants, 37.
—, on classification, 369.
Berkeley, Mr., on seeds in salt-water, 324.
Bermuda, birds of, 348.
Birds acquiring fear, 208.
—, beauty of, 161.
—, annually cross the Atlantic, 329.
—, colour of, on continents, 107.
—, footsteps, and remains of, in secondary rocks, 284.
—, fossil, in caves of Brazil, 310.
—, of Madeira, Bermuda, and Galapagos, 349, 349.
—, song of males, 70.
—, transporting seeds, 328.
—, waders, 345.
—, wingless, 108, 140.
Bizcacha, 318.
—, , affinities of, 379.
Bladder for swimming, in fish, 147.
Blindness of cave animals, 110.
Blyth, Mr., on distinctness of Indian cattle, 14.
—, on striped Hemionus, 128.
—, on crossed geese, 240.
Borrow, Mr., on the Spanish pointer, 26.
Bory St. Vincent, on Batrachians, 350.
Bosquet, M., on fossil Chthamalus, 284.
Boulders, erratic, on the Azores, 328.
Branchiæ, 148, 149.
—, of crustaceans, 152.
Braun, Prof., on the seeds of Fumariaceæ, 174.
Brent, Mr., on house-tumblers, 210.
Britain, mammals of, 352.
Broca, Prof., on Natural Selection, 170.
Bronn, Prof., on duration of specific forms, 275.
—, various objections by, 170.
Brown, Robert, on classification, 366.
Brown-Sequard, on inherited mutilations, 108.
Busk, Mr., on the Polyzoa, 193.
Butterflies, mimetic, 375, 376.
Buzareingues, on sterility of varieties, 258.
Cabbage, varieties of, crossed, 78.
Calceolaria, 239.
Canary-birds, sterility of hybrids, 240.
Cape de Verde Islands, productions of, 354.
—, plants of, on mountains, 337.
Cape of Good Hope, plants of, 101, 347.
Carpenter, Dr., on foraminifera, 308.
Carthemus, 173.
Catasetum, 155, 372.
Cats, with blue eyes, deaf, 9.
—, variation in habits of, 209.
—, curling tail when going to spring, 162.
Cattle destroying fir-trees, 56.
—, destroyed by flies in Paraguay, 56.
—, breeds of, locally extinct, 86.
—, fertility of Indian and European breeds, 241.
—, Indian, 14, 241.
Cave, inhabitants of, blind, 110.
Cecidomyia, 387.
Celts, proving antiquity of man, 13.
Centres of creation, 320.
Cephalopodæ, structures of eyes, 151.
—, development of, 390.
Cercopithecus, tail of, 189.
Ceroxylus laceratus, 182.
Cervulus, 240.
Cetacea, teeth and hair, 115.
—, development of the whalebone, 182.
Claparède, Prof., on the hair-claspers of the Acaridæ, 153.
Clarke, Rev. W.B., on old glaciers in Australia, 335.
Classification, 363.
Clift, Mr., on the succession of types, 310.
Climate, effects of, in checking increase of beings, 54.
—, adaptation of, to organisms, 112.
Climbing plants, 147.
—, development of, 96.
Clover visited by bees, 75.
Cobites, intestine of, 147.
Cockroach, 59.
Collections, palæontological, poor, 270.
Colour, influenced by climate, 107.
—, in relation to attacks by flies, 159.
Columba livia, parent of domestic pigeons, 17.
Colymbetes, 345.
Compensation of growth, 117.
Compositæ, flowers and seeds of, 116.
—, outer and inner florets of, 173.
—, male flowers of, 398.
Conclusion, general, 421.
Conditions, slight changes in, favourable to fertility, 251.
Convergence of genera, 100.
Coot, 142.
Cope, Prof., on the acceleration or retardation of the period of reproduction, 149.
Coral-islands, seeds drifted to, 326.
—, reefs, indicating movements of earth, 326.
Corn-crake, 143.
Correlated variation in domestic productions, 9.
Coryanthes, 154.
Creation, single centres of, 320.
Crinum, 238.
Croll, Mr., on subaërial denudation, 267, 269. —, on the age of our oldest formations, 286. —, on alternate Glacial periods in the North and South, 336.
Crosses, reciprocal, 244.
Crossing of domestic animals, importance in altering breeds, 15. —, advantages of, 76, 77. —, unfavourable to selection, 80.
Crüger, Dr., on Coryanthes, 154.
Crustacea of New Zealand, 338.
Crustacean, blind, 110. air-breathers, 152.
Crustaceans, their chelæ, 193.
Cryptocerus, 231.
Ctenomys, blind, 110.
Cuckoo, instinct of, 205, 212.
Cunningham, Mr., on the flight of the logger-headed duck, 108.
Currants, grafts of, 246.
Currents of sea, rate of, 325.
Cuvier on conditions of existence, 205.
—, on fossil monkeys, 283, 284.
Cuvier, Fred., on instinct, 205.
Cyclostoma, resisting salt water, 353.
Dana, Prof., on blind cave-animals, 111.
—, on relations of crustaceans of Japan, 334.
—, on crustaceans of New Zealand, 338.
Dawson, Dr., on eozoon, 287.
De Candolle, Aug. Pyr., on struggle for existence, 49.
—, on umbelliferæ, 116.
—, on general affinities, 379.
De Candolle, Alph., on the variability of oaks, 40.
—, on low plants, widely dispersed, 359.
—, on widely-ranging plants being variable, 43.
—, on naturalisation, 89.
—, on winged seeds, 117.
—, on Alpine species suddenly becoming rare, 135.
—, on distribution of plants with large seeds, 326.
—, on vegetation of Australia, 340.
—, on fresh-water plants, 345.
—, on insular plants, 347.
Degradation of rocks, 266.
Denudation, rate of, 268.
—, of oldest rocks, 287.
—, of granitic areas, 274.
Development of ancient forms, 307.
Devonian system, 305.
Dianthus, fertility of crosses, 243.
Dimorphism in plants, 35, 252.
Dirt on feet of birds, 328.
Dispersal, means of, 323.
—, during Glacial period, 330.
Distribution, geographical, 316.
—, means of, 323.
Disuse, effect of, under nature, 108.
Diversification of means for same general purpose, 153.
Division, physiological, of labour, 89.
Divergence of character, 86.
Dog, resemblance of jaw to that of the Thylacinus, 374.
Dogs, hairless, with imperfect teeth, 9. —, descended from several wild stocks, 15. —, domestic instincts of, 210. —, inherited civilisation of, 210. —, fertility of breeds together, 241. —, of crosses, 256. —, proportions of body in different breeds, when young, 392.
Fishes, ganoid, now confined to fresh water, 83.
—, electric organs of, 150.
—, ganoid, living in fresh water, 296.
—, of southern hemisphere, 338.
Flat-fish, their structure, 186.
Flight, powers of, how acquired, 140.
Flint-tools, proving antiquity of man, 13.
Flower, Prof., on the larynx, 190. —, on Halitherium, 302. —, on the resemblance between the jaws of the dog and Thylacinus, 375. —, on the homology of the feet of certain marsupials, 382.
Flowers, structure of in relation to crossing, 73.
—, of compositæ and umbelliferæ, 116, 173.
—, beauty of, 161.
—, double, 230.
Flysch formation, destitute of organic remains, 271.
Forbes, Mr. D., on glacial action in the Andes, 335.
Forbes, E., on colours of shells, 107.
—, on abrupt range of shells in depth, 135.
—, on poorness of palæontological collections, 270.
—, on continuous succession of genera, 293.
—, on continental extensions, 323.
—, on distribution during Glacial period, 330.
—, on parallelism in time and space, 361.
Gärtner on sterility of hybrids, 237, 241.
—, on reciprocal crosses, 243.
—, on crossed maize and verbascum, 257, 258.
—, on comparison of hybrids and mongrels, 259, 260.
Gaudry, Prof., on intermediate genera of fossil mammals in Attica, 301.
Geese, fertility when crossed, 307.
—, upland, 142.
Geikie, Mr., on subaërial denudation, 267.
Genealogy, important in classification, 369.
Generations, alternate, 387.
Geoffroy St. Hilaire, on balancement, 117.
—, on homologous organs, 382.
—, , Isidore, on variability of repeated parts, 118.
—, on correlation, in monstrosities, 9.
—, on correlation, 115.
—, on variable parts being often monstrous, 122.
Geographical distribution, 316.
Geography, ancient, 427.
Geology, future progress of, 427.
—, imperfection of the record, 427.
Gervais, Prof., on Typotherium, 302.
Giraffe, tail of, 157.
—, structure of, 177.
Glacial period, 330.
—, affecting the North and South, 335.
Glands, mammary, 189.
Gmelin, on distribution, 330.
Godwin-Austin, Mr., on the Malay Archipelago, 280.
Goethe, on compensation of growth, 117.
Gomphia, 174.
Gooseberry, grafts of, 246.
Gould, Dr. Aug. A., on land-shells, 353.
Gould, Mr., on colours of birds, 107.
—, on instincts of cuckoo, 214.
—, on distribution of genera of birds, 358.
Gourds, crossed, 258.
Graba, on the Uria lacrymans, 72.
Grafting, capacity of, 245, 246.
Granite, areas of denuded, 274.
Grasses, varieties of, 88.
Gray, Dr. Asa, on the variability of oaks, 40.
—, on man not causing variability, 62.
—, on sexes of the holly, 74.
—, on trees of the United States, 79.
—, on naturalised plants in the United States, 89.
—, on æstivation, 174.
—, on Alpine plants, 330.
—, on rarity of intermediate varieties, 136.
Gray, Dr. J.E., on striped mule, 128.
Grebe, 142.
Grimm, on asexual reproduction, 387.
Groups, aberrant, 378.
Grouse, colours of, 66.
—, red, a doubtful species, 38.
Growth, compensation of, 117.
Günther, Dr., on flat-fish, 187.
—, on prehensile tails, 189.
—, on the fishes of Panama, 317.
—, on the range of fresh-water fishes, 343.
—, on the limbs of Lepidosiren, 399.
Haast, Dr., on glaciers of New Zealand, 335.
Habit, effect of, under domestication, 8.
—, effect of, under nature, 108.
—, diversified, of same species, 141.
Häckel, Prof., on classification and the lines of descent, 381.
Hair and teeth, correlated, 115.
Halitherium, 302.
Harcourt, Mr. E.V., on the birds of Madeira, 348.
Hartung, M., on boulders in the Azores, 328.
Hazel-nuts, 325.
Hearne, on habits of bears, 141.
Heath, changes in vegetation, 55.
Hector, Dr., on glaciers of New Zealand, 335.
Heer, Oswald, on ancient cultivated plants, 13.
—, on plants of Madeira, 83.
Helianthemum, 174.
Helix, resisting salt water, 353.
Helix pomatia, 353.
Helmholtz, M., on the imperfection of the human eye, 163.
Helosciadium, 325.
Hemionus, striped, 128.
Hensen, Dr., on the eyes of Cephalopods, 152.
Herbert, W., on struggle for existence, 49.
—, on sterility of hybrids, 238.
Hermaphrodites crossing, 76.
Heron eating seed, 346.
Heron, Sir R., on peacocks, 70.
Heusinger, on white animals poisoned by certain plants, 9.
Hewitt, Mr., on sterility of first crosses, 249.
Hildebrand, Prof., on the self-sterility of Corydalis, 238.
Hilgendorf, on intermediate varieties, 275.
Himalaya, glaciers of, 335.
—, plants of, 337.
Hippeastrum, 238.
Hippocampus, 189.
Hofmeister, Prof., on the movements of plants, 197.
Holly-trees, sexes of, 73.
Hooker, Dr., on trees of New Zealand, 78.
—, on acclimatisation of Himalayan trees, 112.
—, on flowers of umbelliferæ, 116.
—, on the position of ovules, 172.
—, on glaciers of Himalaya, 335.
—, on algæ of New Zealand, 338.
—, on vegetation at the base of the Himalaya, 338.
—, on plants of Tierra del Fuego, 336.
—, on Australian plants, 337, 355.
—, on relations of flora of America, 340.
—, on flora of the Antarctic lands, 341, 354.
—, on the plants of the Galapagos, 349, 354.
—, on glaciers of the Lebanon, 335.
—, on man not causing variability, 62.
—, on plants of mountains of Fernando Po, 337.
Hooks on palms, 158.
—, on seeds, on islands, 349.
Hopkins, Mr., on denudation, 274.
Hornbill, remarkable instinct of, 234.
Horns, rudimentary, 400.
Horse, fossil in La Plata, 294.
—, proportions of, when young, 392.
Horses destroyed by flies in Paraguay, 56.
—, striped, 128.
Horticulturists, selection applied by, 23.
Huber on cells of bees, 224.
Huber, P., on reason blended with instinct, 205.
—, on habitual nature of instincts, 206.
—, on slave-making ants, 216.
—, on Melipona domestica, 220.
Hudson, Mr., on the Ground-woodpecker of La Plata, 142.
—, on the Molothrus, 215.
Humble-bees, cells of, 221.
Hunter, J., on secondary sexual characters, 119.
Hutton, Captain, on crossed geese, 240.
Huxley, Prof., on structure of hermaphrodites, 79.
—, on the affinities of the Sirenia, 302.
—, on forms connecting birds and reptiles, 302.
—, on homologous organs, 386.
—, on the development of aphis, 390.
Inheritance, laws of, 10.
—, at corresponding ages, 10, 67.
Insects, colour of, fitted for their stations, 66.
—, sea-side, colours of, 107.
—, blind, in caves, 110.
—, luminous, 151.
—, their resemblance to various objects, 181.
—, neuter, 2320.
Instinct, 205.
—, , not varying simultaneously with structure, 229.
Instincts, domestic, 209.
Intercrossing, advantages of, 76, 251.
Islands, oceanic, 347.
Isolation favourable to selection, 81.
Japan, productions of, 334.
Java, plants of, 337.
Jones, Mr. J.M., on the birds of Bermuda, 348.
Jordain, M., on the eye-spots of star fishes, 144.
Jukes, Prof., on subaërial denudation, 267.
Jussieu on classification, 367.
Kentucky, caves of, 111.
Kerguelen-land, flora of, 341, 354.
Kidney-bean, acclimatisation of, 114.
Kidneys of birds, 115.
Kirby, on tarsi deficient in beetles, 108.
Knight, Andrew, on cause of variation, 5.
Kölreuter, on intercrossing, 76.
—, on the barberry, 77.
—, on sterility of hybrids, 237.
—, on reciprocal crosses, 243.
—, on crossed varieties of nicotiana, 258.
—, on crossing male and hermaphrodite flowers, 397.
Lamarck, on adaptive characters, 373.
Lancelet, 99.
—, , eyes of, 145.
Landois, on the development of the wings of insects, 148.
Land-shells, distribution of, 353.
—, of Madeira, naturalised, 357.
—, resisting salt water, 353.
Languages, classification of, 371.
Lankester, Mr. E. Ray, on longevity, 169.
—, on homologies, 385.
Lapse, great, of time, 266.
Larvæ, 388, 389.
Laurel, nectar secreted by the leaves, 73.
Laurentian formation, 287.
Laws of variation, 106.
Leech, varieties of, 59.
Leguminosæ, nectar secreted by glands, 73.
Leibnitz’ attack on Newton, 421.
Lepidosiren, 83, 303.
—, , limbs in a nascent condition, 398, 399.
Lewes, Mr. G.H., on species not having changed in Egypt, 169. —, on the Salamandra atra, 397. —, on many forms of life having been at first evolved, 425.
Life, struggle for, 49.
Lingula, Silurian, 286.
Linnæus, aphorism of, 365.
Lion, mane of, 69.
—, young of, striped, 388.
Lobelia fulgens, 57, 77.
Lobelia, sterility of crosses, 238.
Lockwood, Mr., on the ova of the Hippocampus, 189.
Locusts transporting seeds, 327.
Logan, Sir W., on Laurentian formation, 287.
Lowe, Rev. R.T., on locusts visiting Madeira, 327.
Lowness, of structure connected with variability, 118.
—, related to wide distribution, 359.
Lubbock, Sir J., on the nerves of coccus, 35.
—, on secondary sexual characters, 124.
—, on a diving hymenopterous insect, 142.
—, on affinities, 280.
—, on metamorphoses, 386, 389.
Lucas, Dr. P., on inheritance, 9.
—, on resemblance of child to parent, 261.
Lund and Clausen, on fossils of Brazil, 310.
Lyell, Sir C., on the struggle for existence, 49. —, on modern changes of the earth, 75. —, on terrestrial animals not having been developed on islands, 180. —, on a carboniferous land-shell, 271. —, on strata beneath Silurian system, 287. —, on the imperfection of the geological record, 289. —, on the appearance of species, 289. —, on Barrande’s colonies, 291. —, on tertiary formations of Europe and North America, 298. —, on parallelism of tertiary formations, 301. —, on transport of seeds by icebergs, 328. —, on great alternations of climate, 342. —, on the distribution of fresh-water shells, 345. —, on land-shells of Madeira, 357.
Lyell and Dawson, on fossilized trees in Nova Scotia, 278.
Mivart, Mr., on the relation of hair and teeth, 115.
—, on the eyes of cephalopods, 151.
—, various objections to Natural Selection, 174.
—, on abrupt modifications, 201.
—, on the resemblance of the mouse and antechinus, 373.
Mocking-thrush of the Galapagos, 357.
Modification of species, not abrupt, 424.
Moles, blind, 110.
Molothrus, habits of, 215.
Mongrels, fertility and sterility of, 255.
—, and hybrids compared, 259.
Monkeys, fossil, 284, 285.
Monachanthus, 372.
Mons, Van, on the origin of fruit-trees, 21.
Monstrosities, 33.
Moquin-Tandon, on sea-side plants, 107.
Morphology, 382.
Morren, on the leaves of Oxalis, 197.
Moths, hybrid, 240.
Mozart, musical powers of, 206.
Mud, seeds in, 345.
Mules, striped, 129.
Müller, Adolph, on the instincts of the cuckoo, 213.
Müller, Dr. Ferdinand, on Alpine Australian plants, 337.
Müller, Fritz, on dimorphic crustaceans, 35, 233. —, on the lancelet, 99. —, on air-breathing crustaceans, 152. —, on climbing plants, 197. —, on the self-sterility of orchids, 238. —, on embryology in relation to classification, 368. —, on the metamorphoses of crustaceans, 390, 395. —, on terrestrial and fresh-water organisms not undergoing any metamorphosis, 394.
Multiplication of species not indefinite, 101.
Murchison, Sir, R., on the formations of Russia, 272.
—, on azoic formations, 286.
—, on extinction, 293.
Murie, Dr., on the modification of the skull in old age, 149.
Naturalisation of forms distinct from the indigenous species, 89. —, in New Zealand, 163.
Naudin, on analagous variations in gourds, 125.
—, on hybrid gourds, 258.
—, on reversion, 260.
Nautilus, Silurian, 286.
Nectar of plants, 73.
Nectaries, how formed, 73.
Nelumbium luteum, 346.
Nests, variation in, 208, 228, 234.
Neuter insects, 230, 231.
New Zealand, productions of, not perfect, 163.
—, naturalised products of, 309.
—, fossil birds of, 310.
—, glaciers of, 335.
—, crustaceans of, 338.
—, algæ of, 338.
—, flora of, 354.
—, number of plants of, 374.
Newman, Col., on humble-bees, 57.
Newton, Prof., on earth attached to a partridge’s foot, 328.
Newton, Sir I., attacked for irreligion, 421.
Nicotiana, crossed varieties of, 258.
—, certain species very sterile, 243.
Nitsche, Dr., on the Polyzoa, 193.
Noble, Mr., on fertility of Rhododendron, 239.
Nodules, phosphatic, in azoic rocks, 287.
Oaks, variability of, 40.
Œnonis, small imperfect flowers of, 173.
Onites apelles, 108.
Orchids, fertilisation of, 154.
—, the development of their flowers, 195.
—, forms of, 372.
Orchis, pollen of, 151.
Organisation, tendency to advance, 97.
Organs of extreme perfection, 143.
—, electric, of fishes, 150.
—, of little importance, 156.
—, homologous, 382.
—, rudiments of, and nascent, 397.
Ornithorhynchus, 83, 367.
—, mammæ of, 190.
Ostrich not capable of flight, 180.
—, habit of laying eggs together, 215.
—, American, two species of, 318.
Otter, habits of, how acquired, 138.
Ouzel, water, 142.
Owen, Prof., on birds not flying, 108.
—, on vegetative repetition, 118.
—, on variability of unusually developed parts, 119.
—, on the eyes of fishes, 145.
—, on the swim-bladder of fishes, 148.
—, on fossil horse of La Plata, 294.
—, on generalised form, 301.
—, on relation of ruminants and pachyderms, 303.
—, on fossil birds of New Zealand, 310.
—, on succession of types, 310.
—, on affinities of the dugong, 365.
—, on homologous organs, 383.
—, on the metamorphosis of cephalopods, 390.
Pacific Ocean, faunas of, 317.
Pacini, on electric organs, 151.
Paley, on no organ formed to give pain, 163.
Pallas, on the fertility of the domesticated descendants of wild stocks, 241.
Palm with hooks, 158.
Papaver bracteatum, 174.
Paraguay, cattle destroyed by flies, 56.
Parasites, 215.
Partridge, with ball of dirt attached to foot, 328.
Pictet, Prof., on groups of species suddenly appearing, 282. —, on rate of organic change, 291. —, on continuous succession of genera, 293. —, on change in latest tertiary forms, 278. —, on close alliance of fossils in consecutive formations, 306. —, on early transitional links, 283.
Pierce, Mr., on varieties of wolves, 71.
Pigeons with feathered feet and skin between toes, 9.
—, breeds described, and origin of, 15.
—, breeds of, how produced, 28, 30.
—, tumbler, not being able to get out of egg, 68.
—, reverting to blue colour, 127.
—, instinct of tumbling, 210.
—, young of, 392.
Pigs, black, not affected by the paint-root, 9.
—, modified by want of exercise, 159.
Pistil, rudimentary, 397.
Plants, poisonous, not affecting certain coloured animals, 9. —, selection, applied to, 27. —, gradual improvement of, 27. —, not improved in barbarous countries, 27. —, dimorphic, 35, 253. —, destroyed by insects, 53. —, in midst of range, have to struggle with other plants, 60. —, nectar of, 73. —, fleshy, on sea-shores, 107. —, climbing, 147, 196. —, fresh-water, distribution of, 345. —, low in scale, widely distributed, 359.
Pleuronectidæ, their structure, 186.
Plumage, laws of change in sexes of birds, 70.
Plums in the United States, 66.
Pointer dog, origin of, 25.
—, habits of, 210.
Poison not affecting certain coloured animals, 9.
Poison, similar effect of, on animals and plants, 425.
Pollen of fir-trees, 164.
—, transported by various means, 154, 161.
Pollinia, their development, 195.
Polyzoa, their avicularia, 193.
Poole, Col., on striped hemionus, 128.
Potemogeton, 346.
Pouchet, on the colours of flat-fish, 188.
Prestwich, Mr., on English and French eocene formations, 300.
Proctotrupes, 142.
Proteolepas, 118.
Proteus, 112.
Psychology, future progress of, 428.
Pyrgoma, found in the chalk, 284.
Quagga, striped, 129.
Quatrefages, M., on hybrid moths, 240.
Quercus, variability of, 40.
Quince, grafts of, 246.
Rabbit, disposition of young, 211.
Races, domestic, characters of, 12.
Race-horses, Arab, 26.
—, English, 323.
Radcliffe, Dr., the electrical organs of the torpedo, 150.
Ramond, on plants of Pyrenees, 331.
Ramsay, Prof., on subaërial denudation, 267.
—, on thickness of the British formations, 268, 269.
—, on faults, .
Ramsay, Mr., on instincts of cuckoo, 213.
Ratio of increase, 50.
Rats, supplanting each other, 59.
—, acclimatisation of, 113.
—, blind, in cave, 110.
Rattle-snake, 162.
Reason and instinct, 205.
Recapitulation, general, 404.
Reciprocity of crosses, 243.
Record, geological, imperfect, 264.
Rengger, on flies destroying cattle, 56.
Reproduction, rate of, 50.
Resemblance, protective, of insects, 181.
—, to parents in mongrels and hybrids, 260.
Reversion, law of inheritance, 11.
—, in pigeons, to blue colour, 127.
Rhododendron, sterility of, 239.
Richard, Prof., on Aspicarpa, 367.
Richardson, Sir J., on structure of squirrels, 139.
—, on fishes of the southern hemisphere, 338.
Robinia, grafts of, 246.
Rodents, blind, 110.
Rogers, Prof., Map of N. America, 274.
Rudimentary organs, 397.
Rudiments important for classification, 367.
Rütimeyer, on Indian cattle, 14, 241.
Sageret, on grafts, 246.
Salamandra atra, 397.
Saliva used in nests, 228.
Salmons, males fighting, and hooked jaws of, 69.
Salt-water, how far injurious to seeds, 325.
—, not destructive to land-shells, 353.
Salter, Mr., on early death of hybrid embryos, 249.
Salvin, Mr., on the beaks of ducks, 184.
Saurophagus sulphuratus, 141.
Schacht, Prof., on Phyllotaxy, 173.
Schiödte, on blind insects, 110.
—, on flat-fish, 186.
Schlegel, on snakes, 115.
Schöbl, Dr., on the ears of mice, 172.
Scott, Mr. J., on the self-sterility of orchids, 238.
—, on the crossing of varieties of verbascum, 258.
Sea-water, how far injurious to seeds, 325.
—, not destructive to land-shells, 325.
Sebright, Sir J., on crossed animals, 15.
Sedgwick, Prof., on groups of species suddenly appearing, 282.
Seedlings destroyed by insects, 53.
Seeds, nutriment in, 60.
—, winged, 117.
—, means of dissemination, 154, 161, 327, 328.
—, power of resisting salt-water, 325.
—, in crops and intestines of birds, 326, 327.
—, eaten by fish, 327, 346.
—, in mud, 345.
—, hooked, on islands, 349.
Selection of domestic products, 22.
—, principle not of recent origin, 27.
—, unconscious, 27.
—, natural, 62.
—, sexual, 69.
—, objections to term, 63.
—, natural, has not induced sterility, 247.
Sexes, relations of, 69.
Sexual characters variable, 123.
—, selection, 69.
Sheep, Merino, their selection, 23.
—, two sub-breeds, unintentionally produced, 26.
—, mountain, varieties of, 59.
Shells, colours of, 107.
—, hinges of, 154.
—, littoral, seldom embedded, 270.
—, fresh-water, long retain the same forms, 308.
—, fresh-water, dispersal of, 344.
—, of Madeira, 349.
—, land, distribution of, 349.
—, land, resisting salt water, 325.
Shrew-mouse, 373.
Silene, infertility of crosses, 243.
Silliman, Prof., on blind rat, 110.
Sirenia, their affinities, 302.
Sitaris, metamorphosis of, 394.
Skulls of young mammals, 159, 384.
Slave-making instinct, 216.
Smith, Col. Hamilton, on striped horses, 129.
Smith, Dr., on the Polyzoa, 193.
Smith, Mr. Fred., on slave-making ants, 217.
—, on neuter ants, 231.
Snake with tooth for cutting through egg-shell, 214.
Somerville, Lord, on selection of sheep, 23.
Sorbus, grafts of, 246.
Sorex, 373.
Spaniel, King Charles’ breed, 25.
Specialisation of organs, 98.
Species, polymorphic, 35.
—, dominant, 43.
—, common, variable, 42.
—, in large genera variable, 44.
—, groups of, suddenly appearing, 282, 285.
—, beneath Silurian formations, 287.
—, successively appearing, 290.
—, changing simultaneously throughout the world, 297.
Spencer, Lord, on increase in size of cattle, 26.
Spencer, Mr. Herbert, on the first steps in differentiation, 100. —, on the tendency to an equilibrium in all forces, 252.
Sphex, parasitic, 216.
Spiders, development of, 390.
Sports in plants, 8.
Sprengel, C.C., on crossing, 76.
—, on ray-florets, 116.
Squalodon, 302.
Squirrels, gradations in structure, 139.
Staffordshire, heath, changes in, 55.
Stag-beetles, fighting, 69.
Star fishes, eyes of, 144.
—, their pedicellariæ, 192.
Sterility from changed conditions of life, 7.
—, of hybrids, 236.
—, laws of, 241.
—, causes of, 247.
—, from unfavourable conditions, 250.
—, not induced through natural selection, 247.
St. Helena, productions of, 347.
St. Hilaire, Aug., on variability of certain plants, 174.
—, on classification, 368.
St. John, Mr., on habits of cats, 209.
Sting of bee, 163.
Stocks, aboriginal, of domestic animals, 14.
Strata, thickness of, in Britain, 268, 269.
Stripes on horses, 128.
Structure, degrees of utility of, 159.
Struggle for existence, 48.
Succession, geological, 290.
—, of types in same areas, 310.
Swallow, one species supplanting another, 59.
Swaysland, Mr., on earth adhering to the feet of migratory birds, 328.
Swifts, nests of, 228.
Swim-bladder, 148.
Switzerland, lake habitations of, 13.
System, natural, 364.
Tail of giraffe, 157.
—, of aquatic animals, 157.
—, prehensile, 188.
—, rudimentary, 400.
Tanais, dimorphic, 36.
Tarsi deficient, 108.
Tausch, Dr., on umbelliferæ, 173.
Teeth and hair correlated, 115.
—, rudimentary, in embryonic calf, 397, 420.
Tegetmeier, Mr., on cells of bees, 222, 226.
Temminck, on distribution aiding classification, 369.
Tendrils, their development, 196.
Thompson, Sir W., on the age of the habitable world, 286.
—, on the consolidation of the crust of the earth, 409.
Thouin, on grafts, 246.
Thrush, aquatic species of, 142.
—, mocking, of the Galapagos, 356.
—, young of, spotted, 388.
—, nest of, 234.
Thuret, M., on crossed fuci, 243.
Thwaites, Mr., on acclimatisation, 112.
Thylacinus, 374.
Tierra del Fuego, dogs of, 211.
—, plants of, 341.
Timber-drift, 326.
Time, lapse of, 266.
—, by itself not causing modification, 81.
Titmouse, 141.
Toads on islands, 350.
Tobacco, crossed varieties of, 258.
Tomes, Mr., on the distribution of bats, 351.
Transitions in varieties rare, 134.
Traquair, Dr., on flat-fish, 188.
Trautschold, on intermediate varieties, 275.
Trees on islands belong to peculiar orders, 350.
—, with separated sexes, 78.
Trifolium pratense, 57, 75.
—, incarnatum, 75.
Trigonia, 296.
Trilobites, 286.
—, sudden extinction of, 297.
Trimen, Mr., on imitating-insects, 377.
Trimorphism in plants, 35, 252.
Troglodytes, 234.
Tuco-tuco, blind, 110.
Tumbler pigeons, habits of, hereditary, 210.
—, young of, 392.
Turkey-cock, tuft of hair on breast, 70.
—, naked skin on head, 158.
—, young of, instinctively wild, 265.
Turnip and cabbage, analogous variations of, 125.
Type, unity of, 166, 167.
Types, succession of, in same areas, 310.
Typotherium, 302.
Udders enlarged by use, 8.
—, rudimentary, 397.
Ulex, young leaves of, 388.
Umbelliferæ, flowers and seeds of, 116.
—, outer and inner florets of, 173.
Unity of type, 166, 167.
Uria lacrymans, 72.
Use, effects of, under domestication, 8.
—, effects of, in a state of nature, 108.
Utility, how far important in the construction of each part, 159.
Valenciennes, on fresh-water fish, 344.
Variability of mongrels and hybrids, 259.
Variation, under domestication, 5. —, caused by reproductive system being affected by conditions of life, 7. —, under nature, 33. —, laws of, 106. —, correlated, 9, 114, 159.
Variations appear at corresponding ages, 10, 67.
—, analogous in distinct species, 124.
Verneuil, M. de, on the succession of species, 299.
Vibracula of the Polyzoa, 193.
Viola, small imperfect flowers of, 173.
—, tricolor, 57.
Virchow, on the structure of the crystalline lens, 145.
Virginia, pigs of, 66.
Volcanic islands, denudation of, 268.
Vulture, naked skin on head, 158.
Wading-birds, 375.
Wagner, Dr., on Cecidomyia, 387.
Wagner, Moritz, on the importance of isolation, 81.
Wallace, Mr., on origin of species, 1.
—, on the limit of variation under domestication, 31.
—, on dimorphic lepidoptera, 36, 232.
—, on races in the Malay Archipelago, 37.
—, on the improvement of the eye, 145.
—, on the walking-stick insect, 182.
—, on laws of geographical distribution, 322.
—, on the Malay Archipelago, 351.
—, on mimetic animals, 377.
Walsh, Mr. B.D., on phytophagic forms, 38.
—, on equal variability, 125.
Water, fresh, productions of, 343.
Water-hen, 143.
Waterhouse, Mr., on Australian marsupials, 90.
—, on greatly developed parts being variable, 119.
—, on the cells of bees, 220.
—, on general affinities, 379.
Water-ouzel, 142.
Watson, Mr. H.C., on range of varieties of British plants, 37, 46. —, on acclimatisation, 112. —, on flora of Azores, 328. —, on rarity of intermediate varieties, 136. —, on Alpine plants, 331. —, on convergence, 100. —, on the indefinite multiplication of species, 101.
Weale, Mr., on locusts transporting seeds, 327.
Web of feet in water-birds, 142.
Weismann, Prof., on the causes of variability, 6.
—, on rudimentary organs, 400.
West Indian islands, mammals of, 352.
Westwood, on species in large genera being closely allied to others, 45. —, on the tarsi of Engidæ, 124. —, on the antennæ of hymenopterous insects, 366.
Whales, 182.
Wheat, varieties of, 88.
White Mountains, flora of, 330.
Whittaker, Mr., on lines of escarpment, 267.
Wichura, Max, on hybrids, 249, 251, 260.
Wings, reduction of size, 109.
—, of insects homologous with branchiæ, 148.
—, rudimentary, in insects, 397.
Wolf crossed with dog, 210.
—, of Falkland Isles, 351.
Wollaston, Mr., on varieties of insects, 38.
—, on fossil varieties of shells in Madeira, 42.
—, on colours of insects on sea-shore, 107.
—, on wingless beetles, 109.
—, on rarity of intermediate varieties, 136.
—, on insular insects, 347.
—, on land-shells of Madeira naturalised, 357.
Wolves, varieties of, 71.
Woodcock with earth attached to leg, 328.
Woodpecker, habits of, 141.
—, green colour of, 158.
Woodward, Mr., on the duration of specific forms, 276.
—, on Pyrgoma, 284.
—, on the continuous succession of genera, 293.
—, on the succession of types, 311.
World, species changing simultaneously throughout, 297.
Wrens, nest of, 234.
Wright, Mr. Chauncey, on the giraffe, 178.
—, on abrupt modifications, 203.
Wyman, Prof., on correlation of colour and effects of poison, 9. —, on the cells of the bee, 22.
Youatt, Mr., on selection, 23.
—, on sub-breeds of sheep, 26.
—, on rudimentary horns in young cattle, 400.
